Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy observation of lithium metal growth and dissolution: Root growth, dead lithium and lithium flotsams

Kushima, Akihiro; So, Kyeong A; Su, Cong; Bai, Peng; Kuriyama, Nariaki; Maebashi, Takanori; Fujiwara, Yoshiya; Bazant, Martin Z.; Li, Ju

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.001

Cited by 417 publications

(409 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Second, in order to apply the linear stability analysis to lithium metal batteries (LMBs), we would also need to model the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer [176][177][178][179], which will certainly increase the complexity of the model but also make it more predictive. Incorporating these two aforementioned extensions into the model may help explain recent experimental studies of lithium growth that have demonstrated that competing SEI reactions and stress effects lead to root growth before Sand's time or below limiting current [93][94][95], which is different from tip growth of dendrites under transport limitation that we have focused on in this paper. Third, other chemical mechanisms for overlimiting current such as water splitting [114,115] and current-induced membrane discharge [132] may be present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Khoo

Zhao

Bazant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We study the linear stability of transient electrodeposition in a charged random porous medium, whose pore surface charges can be of any sign, flanked by a pair of planar metal electrodes. Discretization of the linear stability problem results in a generalized eigenvalue problem for the dispersion relation that is solved numerically, which agrees well with the analytical approximation obtained from a boundary layer analysis valid at high wavenumbers. Under galvanostatic conditions in which an overlimiting current is applied, in the classical case of zero surface charges, the electric field at the cathode diverges at Sand's time due to electrolyte depletion. The same phenomenon happens for positive charges but earlier than Sand's time. However, negative charges allow the system to sustain an overlimiting current via surface conduction past Sand's time, keeping the electric field bounded. Therefore, at Sand's time, negative charges greatly reduce surface instabilities and suppress dendritic growth, while zero and positive charges magnify them. We compare theoretical predictions for overall surface stabilization with published experimental data for copper electrodeposition in cellulose nitrate membranes and demonstrate good agreement between theory and experiment. We also apply the stability analysis to how crystal grain size varies with duty cycle during pulse electroplating.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Khoo

Zhao

Bazant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The SEI is in the focus of many processes limiting lifetime, performance, and safety of lithium-ion batteries. It affects the inhomogeneous growth and dissolution of lithium metal [6,7]. Thermal runaway as the main cause for battery failure is promoted by SEI decomposition [8,9,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on multi-scale models of solid-electrolyte interphase formation

Horstmann

Single

Latz

2019

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry

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Electrolyte reduction products form the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Even though this process practically stabilizes the electrode-electrolyte interface, it results in continued capacity-fade limiting lifetime and safety of lithium-ion batteries. Recent atomistic and continuum theories give new insights into the growth of structures and the transport of ions in the SEI. The diffusion of neutral radicals has emerged as a prominent candidate for the long-term growth mechanism, because it predicts the observed potential dependence of SEI growth. Highlights-Solid-electrolyte interphase passivates negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries -Recent models elucidate dynamics of solid-electrolyte interphase -Multiple theoretical methods employed: from quantum theory to thermodynamics -Continued capacity fade due to diffusion of neutral radicals

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“…[1][2][3][4] The products by side reactions at the interface between electrode and SEI films. [1][2][3][4] The products by side reactions at the interface between electrode and SEI films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Observations of SEI Film Evolution by Mass‐Sensitive Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Hou

Han

Chen

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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SEI films directly affect the dissolution and deposition of lithium during discharge and charge and thus are one of the key factors that determine the safety, power capability, morphology of lithium deposits, shelf life, and cycle life of LIBs. In particular, the breakdown of SEI can result in the nucleation and growth of lithium dendrites and cause the safety risk for the practical applications of LIBs in the electric vehicles and other high-energy-density electronic devices. [5,6] While, a stable and robust SEI film can effectively inhibit the lithium dendrite growth and thus prominently enhance the cycling performance and safety of the batteries. [1,7] Owing to directly growing on anode surfaces, the formation and stability of SEI films are greatly influenced by the volume variation of anodes during the charge-discharge cycling, especially at a high current density. [1,8] Although the importance of SEI has been widely recognized, the structure and kinetics of SEI are the less wellunderstood phenomena impacting battery technology. Various in situ techniques, for instances, in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, [9] in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), [10] in situ X-ray diffraction, [11] in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, [12] and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, [13] have been employed to investigate the evolution of SEI films. Nevertheless, most of them are limited to the nonintuitive investigations. Several key questions on the SEI film formation, structure and failure are still elusive.Recently, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been utilized as a power tool to explore the evolution of SEI films in LIBs. In particular, a liquid cell TEM technique can well mimic the chemical and electrochemical reactions in liquid media with controllable charge and discharge conditions of LIBs. Sacci et al. performed the first in situ TEM observations of SEI film formation on a gold electrode during cyclic voltammetry testing. [14] They found that SEI films form heterogeneously on the gold electrode and possess dendritic morphology. The formation and growth of SEI films on graphite/electrolyte interfaces were studied by Unocic et al. using in situ TEM. [15] By utilizing the liquid cell TEM, Zeng et al. monitored the structural evolution of SEI films in a cyclic voltammetry process and found that the growth of SEI films is limited by the electron transport and produces gaseous The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) spontaneously formed on anode surfaces as a passivation layer plays a critical role in the lithium dissolution and deposition upon discharge/charge in lithium ion batteries and lithiummetal batteries. The formation kinetics and failure of the SEI films are the key factors determining the safety, power capability, and cycle life of lithium ion and lithium-metal batteries. Since SEI films evolve with the volumetric and interfacial changes of anodes, it is technically challenging in experimental study of SEI kinetics. Here operando observations are reported of SEI...

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Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy observation of lithium metal growth and dissolution: Root growth, dead lithium and lithium flotsams

Cited by 417 publications

References 71 publications

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Linear Stability Analysis of Transient Electrodeposition in Charged Porous Media: Suppression of Dendritic Growth by Surface Conduction

Review on multi-scale models of solid-electrolyte interphase formation

Operando Observations of SEI Film Evolution by Mass‐Sensitive Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

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