Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in fruit juices and beverages

Lau, Benjamin P.‐Y.; Scott, Peter; Lewis, David A.; Kanhere, Shriniwas R; Cléroux, Chantal; Roscoe, V.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00606-x

Cited by 100 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Scott et al, (2006) reported the highest concentration in a sample of red grape juice (39.5 µg/L). The other AME levels reported were ≤ 2 µg/L in fruit juice and wine samples (Scott et al, 1997(Scott et al, , 2006Lau et al, 2003).…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Regarding the studies of Scott et al (2006) and Lau et al (2003), only the results obtained by LC-MS or LC-MS/MS are reported in Appendix B Table B1.…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LLE is applied for tomatoes and tomato products (Scott and Kanhere, 1980;Stack et al, 1985;da Motta andSoares, 2000a,b Andersen andFrisvad, 2004) fruit juices and beverages (Lau et al, 2003), oilseed rape meal and sunflower seed meal (Nawaz et al, 1997), cereal samples (Siegel et al, 2009), beer (Siegel et al 2010b), hay, silage and mixed feed (Yu et al, 1999), wheat and maize (Herebian et al, 2009), maize silage (Rasmussen et al, 2010) and ground breadcrumbs mouldy food samples (Sulyok et al, 2007(Sulyok et al, , 2010 ., 1996), tomato paste (Fente et al, 1998), fruit juices and beverages (Lau et al, 2003), tangerines (Magnani et al, 2007) and apple juice (Scott et al, 1997).…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

410

188

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The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of Alternaria toxins in food and feed. In addition to causing plant diseases on many crops such as cereals, oilseeds, tomatoes, apples and olives, some of these toxins are genotoxic in vitro and/or fetotoxic in rats. This opinion deals with alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, iso-tenuazonic acid, altertoxins, tentoxin, altenuene and AAL-toxins (Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxins). Two Member States provided 11,730 occurrence results in food and also data published in the scientific literature were considered. Generally these toxins were found in grains and grain-based products, tomato and tomato products, sunflower seeds and sunflower oil, fruits and fruit products, and beer and wine. The feed occurrence data (1150 results) were collected from the literature only. The knowledge on toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on farm and companion animals and occurrence data in feed were insufficient to assess the health risk for different species. For chicken there are indications that alternariol represents a health risk but it cannot be excluded that tenuazonic acid could also be of concern. Considering: (1) there are few or no relevant toxicity data on Alternaria toxins, (2) the chemical structure of several of them is known, (3) dietary exposure data exist for some of them, the Panel on Contaminants in the food chain used the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach to assess the relative level of concern for dietary exposure of humans to these mycotoxins. For the genotoxic Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, the estimated chronic dietary exposure exceeded the relevant TTC value indicating a need for additional toxicity data. The dietary exposure estimates for nongenotoxic tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are lower than the relevant TTC value and are considered unlikely to be a human health concern. SUMMARYAlternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by Alternaria species that cause plant diseases on many crops. They are the principal contaminating fungi in wheat, sorghum and barley, and have also been reported to occur in oilseeds such as sunflower and rapeseed, tomato, apples, citrus fruits, olives and several other fruits and vegetables. Alternaria alternata is the most common Alternaria species in harvested fruits and vegetables, and is the most important mycotoxin-producing species. Due to their growth even at low temperature, Alternaria species are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage.Alternaria species produce more than 70 phytotoxins, but a small proportion of them have been chemically characterised and reported to act as mycotoxins to humans and animals. Some toxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altertoxins (ATX) are described to induce harmful effects in animals, including fetotoxic and teratogenic effects. Culture extracts of A. altern...

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Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Regarding the studies of Scott et al (2006) and Lau et al (2003), only the results obtained by LC-MS or LC-MS/MS are reported in Appendix B Table B1.…”

Section: Previously Reported Occurrence Results Of Alternaria Toxins mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

410

188

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“…Detection of Alternaria toxins ranged from 50% of 32 samples of commercial apple juice as is described by Delgado et al (1996) to sporadic samples of other fruit beverages according to Lau et al (2003). An acute toxicosis of humans by Alternaria toxins caused by food supply seems unlikely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternaria mycotoxins associated with grape berries in vitro and in situ

2013

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The aim of this study was to assess the production of secondary metabolites of Alternaria species isolated from grape berries and determined the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in vitro and in dried berries. Direct morphological examination on different media was used for identification and HPLC/MS method for quantification of Alternaria mycotoxins. We isolated A. alternata and A. tenuissima and randomly selected strains in vitro and in dried berries. In vitro we identified the production of Alternaria metabolites, included mycotoxins: alternariol, alternariol methylether, tenuazonic acid. Beside that one in dry berries were in measurable concentrations: macrosporin A, tentoxin and altenuete (I, II).

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“…AOH is mutagenic and carcinogenic, as is AME (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), 2011; Fleck, Burkhardt, Pfeiffer, & Metzler, 2012;Solhaug, Eriksen, & Holme, 2016). As these toxic substances are a threat to human health, AOH has been reported in many foods including fruits, vegetables, cereals, and drinks (Broggi et al, 2013;Lau et al, 2003;Oviedo, Barros, Chulze, & Ramirez, 2012;Scott, Zhao, Feng, & Lau, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an immunochromatographic assay for the detection of alternariol in cereal and fruit juice samples

Kong

Xie

Liu

et al. 2017

Food and Agricultural Immunology

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An immunochromatographic strip was developed for the determination of alternariol (AOH) using both semi-quantitative and quantitative methods based on a sensitive monoclonal antibody we produced. With AOH-spiked samples, the visual limit of detection for cereal and juice were 160 ng/g and 25 ng/mL, and the cut-off values were 640 ng/g and 100 ng/mL, respectively. For quantitative analysis based on a strip scan reader, the calculated limit of detection was 15.5-19.4 ng/g for cereal and 2.8-3.5 ng/mL for fruit juice. The recovery rates ranged from 116% to 125%, and 113% to 123%, respectively. Therefore, this method was effective for AOH detection and suitable for on-site detection and rapid screening of samples. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in fruit juices and beverages

Cited by 100 publications

References 31 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Alternaria mycotoxins associated with grape berries in vitro and in situ

Development of an immunochromatographic assay for the detection of alternariol in cereal and fruit juice samples

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