Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium

Schmidt, A.; Mestmäcker, Fabian; Brückner, Lisa; Elwert, Tobias; Strube, Jochen

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.79

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…A variety of strategies to extract lithium from brines have been investigated, including precipitation, adsorption, solvent, ionic liquid, membrane, electrochemical, and chromatographic techniques, see Figure 1 (Flexer et al 2018;Ling et al 2018;Liu et al 2019;Schmidt et al 2019;Zhao et al 2019;Stringfellow and Dobson 2021). Lithium extraction processes may use a combination of techniques to produce final, high-purity lithium products (Xu et al 2021).…”

Section: Other Methods Of Lithium Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Warren

2021

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The United States has a large, domestic source of lithium in geothermal fluids, especially at the Salton Sea region of southern California, where estimates of lithium pass-through at geothermal plants exceed 24,000 metric tons per year, based on 2019 geothermal plant operations. Lithium extraction from geothermal brines offers the potential to provide the United States with a secure, domestic supply of lithium to meet the increasing demands of electric vehicles, grid energy storage, portable electronics, and other end-use applications. Additionally, the use of direct extraction technologies allows for a more sustainable lithium supply relative to current evaporative brine and hardrock mining operations in terms of land use, water use, time to market with lithium products, and carbon intensity of operations. This report is part of an effort to assess geothermal brines as a source of commercial lithium supply for the United States. In this study, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reviews and summarizes public technoeconomic analyses of lithium extraction technologies. The work was coordinated with the Critical Minerals Institute at the Colorado School of Mines who focused on supply chain analysis of lithium.Mineral extraction from geothermal brines in the Salton Sea and elsewhere has a decades-long history, but there have been few pilot-scale field tests focused on extraction of lithium from geothermal brines. There are also limited publicly available cost and performance data to fully evaluate the techno-economics of lithium extraction from geothermal brine. There are, however, demonstrations in progress that will more fully inform future analyses. For this report, technical and economic data are reviewed from projects focused on lithium extraction from geothermal and other brine types to assess the technologies being deployed and estimated costs to produce end products lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH•H2O). A review of these projects indicates expected production costs (i.e., operating expenses or OPEX) near $4,000/metric ton of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) and reported internal rates of return suggest this production cost target is economically feasible with estimated prices of

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Section: Other Methods Of Lithium Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Warren

2021

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“…Currently, this method is the most popular process for recovering lithium in South America. The options for lithium recovery from seawater or brine that have been tested are similar, such as (i) chromatography [ 56 ], (ii) ion exchange [ 57 , 58 ], (iii) liquid–liquid extraction [ 59 ], (iv) electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane [ 60 ], and (v) co-precipitation [ 61 ]. Based on the above, it can be concluded that it is imperative to change the lithium extraction method to a more efficient way that avoids the loss of millions of cubic meters of water and is carbon neutral.…”

Section: Salty Electrolytes As Sources Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Recovery from Natural Saline Brines with an Electrochemical Ion Pumping Method Using Hexacyanoferrate Materials as Electrodes

Salazar-Avalos,

Soliz,

Cáceres

et al. 2023

Nanomaterials

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The electrochemical ion pumping device is a promising alternative for the development of the industry of recovering metals from natural sources—such as seawater, geothermal water, well brine, or reverse osmosis brine—using electrochemical systems, which is considered a non-evaporative process. This technology is potentially used for metals like Li, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, and others that are mostly obtained from natural brine sources through a combination of pumping, solar evaporation, and solvent extraction steps. As the future demand for metals for the electronic industry increases, new forms of marine mining processing alternatives are being implemented. Unfortunately, both land and marine mining, such as off-shore and deep sea types, have great potential for severe environmental disruption. In this context, a green alternative is the mixing entropy battery, which is a promising technique whereby the ions are captured from a saline natural source and released into a recovery solution with low ionic force using intercalation materials such as Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) to store cations inside its crystal structure. This new technique, called “electrochemical ion pumping”, has been proposed for water desalination, lithium concentration, and blue energy recovery using the difference in salt concentration. The raw material for this technology is a saline solution containing ions of interest, such as seawater, natural brines, or industrial waste. In particular, six main ions of interest—Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, and SO42−—are found in seawater, and they constitute 99.5% of the world’s total dissolved salts. This manuscript provides relevant information about this new non-evaporative process for recovering metals from aqueous salty solutions using hexacianometals such as CuHCF, NiHCF, and CoHCF as electrodes, among others, for selective ion removal.

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“…Other research was conducted using chromatography for the purification of lithium [59]. Lithium is an alkali metal that is highly reactive, contains highly soluble salts, and possesses a low ionic charge [60].…”

Section: Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithium is an alkali metal that is highly reactive, contains highly soluble salts, and possesses a low ionic charge [60]. Chromatography recovered lithium at a higher efficiency than extraction using the conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method [59].…”

Section: Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latest Advances in Protein-Recovery Technologies from Agricultural Waste

Yusree

Peter

Nor

et al. 2021

Foods

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In recent years, downstream bioprocessing industries are venturing into less tedious, simple, and high-efficiency separation by implementing advanced purification and extraction methods. This review discusses the separation of proteins, with the main focus on amylase as an enzyme from agricultural waste using conventional and advanced techniques of extraction and purification via a liquid biphasic system (LBS). In comparison to other methods, such as membrane extraction, precipitation, ultrasonication, and chromatography, the LBS stands out as an efficient, cost-effective, and adaptable developing method for protein recovery. The two-phase separation method can be water-soluble polymers, or polymer and salt, or alcohol and salt, which is a simpler and lower-cost method that can be used at a larger purification scale. The comparison of different approaches in LBS for amylase purification from agricultural waste is also included. Current technology has evolved from a simple LBS into microwave-assisted LBS, liquid biphasic flotation (LBF), thermoseparation (TMP), three-phase partitioning (TPP), ultrasound-assisted LBS, and electrically assisted LBS. pH, time, temperature, and concentration are some of the significant research parameters considered in the review of advanced techniques.

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium

Cited by 11 publications

References 80 publications

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Metal Recovery from Natural Saline Brines with an Electrochemical Ion Pumping Method Using Hexacyanoferrate Materials as Electrodes

Latest Advances in Protein-Recovery Technologies from Agricultural Waste

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