“…monocytogenes has been shown capable of long term survival in environmental and food matrices (Bruno & Freitag, 2011;Locatelli, Spor, Jolivet, Piveteau, & Hartmann, 2013;Wen, Karthikeyan, Hawkins, Anantheswaran, & Knabel, 2013). In addition, L. monocytogenes is capable of growing at refrigeration temperature (Huang, Luo, & Nou, 2015;Walker, Archer, & Banks, 1990) and has good tolerance to acidic, alkaline, and high salt media (Liu, Lawrence, Ainsworth, & Austin, 2005), suggesting that L. monocytogenes has evolved to gain fitness of surviving in environments independent of animal hosts.…”