Literature review on virus and host response proteins in COVID-19: pathobiology, management, diagnosis and treatment

Rajaraman, Ragheswari; Yedida, Dhanina; Nagaraja, SunilGowda Sunnaghatta; Selvakumar, Ilakya; Ramakrishnan, Pooja; Shankaran, Prakash; Vasanthakumar, Natesan; Mohan, Sangeetha; Nagarajan, Devipriya

doi:10.4149/av_2021_103

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The etiologic agent of COVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus contains an enveloped single-stranded, positive-sense 30 kb RNA genome, which encodes structural proteins (membrane, M; envelope, E; spike, S; and nucleocapsid, N) and nonstructural proteins [ 10 ]. The viral membrane, consisting of M, E, and S, surrounds a helical N, in which the viral genome is encapsulated by the N protein [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal antibody pairs against SARS-CoV-2 for rapid antigen test development

Salcedo¹,

Reddy

Gómez³

et al. 2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background The focus on laboratory-based diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) warrants alternative public health tools such as rapid antigen tests. While there are a number of commercially available antigen tests to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), all cross-react with the genetically similar SARS-CoV-1 or require an instrument for results interpretation. Methodology/Principal findings We developed and validated rapid antigen tests that use pairs of murine-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), along with gold nanoparticles, to detect SARS-CoV-2 with or without cross-reaction to SARS-CoV-1 and other coronaviruses. In this development, we demonstrate a robust antibody screening methodology for the selection of mAb pairs that can recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Linear epitope mapping of the mAbs helped elucidate SARS-CoV-2 S and N interactions in lateral flow chromatography. A candidate rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 N was validated using nasal swab specimens that were confirmed positive or negative by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Test results were image-captured using a mobile phone and normalized signal pixel intensities were calculated; signal intensities were inversely correlated to RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value. Conclusion/Significance Overall, our results suggest that the rapid antigen test is optimized to detect SARS-CoV-2 N during the acute phase of COVID-19. The rapid antigen tests developed in this study are alternative tools for wide scale public health surveillance of COVID-19.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal antibody pairs against SARS-CoV-2 for rapid antigen test development

Salcedo¹,

Reddy

Gómez³

et al. 2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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show abstract

“…The S2 subunit tethers the S protein to the virion membrane and includes the machinery required for virus–cell fusion ( 5 , 6 ). S2 is more conserved than S1 (90% similarity with SARS-CoV-2, and 35–43% similarity with the other coronavirus S2s).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Assessed by Four Chemiluminescence Immunoassays and One Immunocromatography Test for SARS-Cov-2

Pellegrino

Gallo

Pierri

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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The onset of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus encouraged the development of new serologic tests that could be additional and complementary to real-time RT-PCR-based assays. In such a context, the study of performances of available tests is urgently needed, as their use has just been initiated for seroprevalence assessment. The aim of this study was to compare four chemiluminescence immunoassays and one immunochromatography test for SARS-Cov-2 antibodies for the evaluation of the degree of diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Salerno Province (Campania Region, Italy). A total of 3,185 specimens from citizens were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies as part of a screening program. Four automated immunoassays (Abbott and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 CLIA IgG and Roche and Siemens SARS-CoV-2 CLIA IgM/IgG/IgA assays) and one lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA Technogenetics IgG–IgM COVID-19) were used. Seroprevalence in the entire cohort was 2.41, 2.10, 1.82, and 1.85% according to the Liaison IgG, Abbott IgG, Siemens, and Roche total Ig tests, respectively. When we explored the agreement among the rapid tests and the serologic assays, we reported good agreement for Abbott, Siemens, and Roche (Cohen's Kappa coefficient 0.69, 0.67, and 0.67, respectively), whereas we found moderate agreement for Liaison (Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.58). Our study showed that Abbott and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 CLIA IgG, Roche and Siemens SARS-CoV-2 CLIA IgM/IgG/IgA assays, and LFIA Technogenetics IgG-IgM COVID-19 have good agreement in seroprevalence assessment. In addition, our findings indicate that the prevalence of IgG and total Ig antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 at the time of the study was as low as around 3%, likely explaining the amplitude of the current second wave.

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Literature review on virus and host response proteins in COVID-19: pathobiology, management, diagnosis and treatment

Cited by 2 publications

References 55 publications

Monoclonal antibody pairs against SARS-CoV-2 for rapid antigen test development

Monoclonal antibody pairs against SARS-CoV-2 for rapid antigen test development

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Assessed by Four Chemiluminescence Immunoassays and One Immunocromatography Test for SARS-Cov-2

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