Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values ‐ Preparation of an evidence report identifying health outcomes upon which Dietary Reference Values could potentially be based for chromium, manganese and molybdenum

Mullee, Amy; Brown, Tracey; Collings, Rachel; Harvey, Linda J.; Hooper, Lee; Fairweather‐Tait, Susan J.

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-284

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Mullee et al. reviewed the literature on manganese concentrations in breast milk available from 1990 to 2011 . Mean concentrations in the reported studies ranged between 0.8 and 30 µg L −1 (worldwide) and between 3 and 30 µg L −1 (Europe).…”

Section: Manganese In the Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Manganese Exposure in the Adult Population in Germany—What Does it Mean in Relation to Health Risks?

Sachse

Kolbaum

Ziegenhagen

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Manganese is both an essential nutrient and a potential neurotoxicant. Therefore, the question arises whether the dietary manganese intake in the German population is on the low or high side. Results from a pilot total diet study in Germany presented here reveal that the average dietary manganese intake in the general population in Germany aged 14–80 years is about 2.8 mg day−1 for a person of 70 kg body weight. This exposure level is within the intake range of 2–5 mg per person and day as recommended by the societies for nutrition in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. No information on the dietary exposure of children in Germany can be provided so far. Although reliable information on health effects related to oral manganese exposure is limited, there is no indication from the literature that these dietary intake levels are associated with adverse health effects either by manganese deficiency or excess. However, there is limited evidence that manganese taken up as a highly bioavailable bolus, for example, uptake via drinking water or food supplements, could pose a potential risk to human health—particularly in certain subpopulations—when certain intake amounts, which are currently not well defined, are exceeded.

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Section: Manganese In the Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Manganese Exposure in the Adult Population in Germany—What Does it Mean in Relation to Health Risks?

Sachse

Kolbaum

Ziegenhagen

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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“…The mean manganese concentrations of human milk of European mothers vary from 3 to 30 µg/L (0.46-4.6 µg/100 kcal), but most values are around 4 µg/L (0.62 µg/100 kcal) (Mullee et al, 2012).…”

Section: Manganese Content Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

281

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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“…However, no studies on health outcomes in relation to molybdenum intake (from foods or from single-nutrient supplements) were identified during the literature review as preparatory work for these DRVs (Mullee et al, 2012). …”

Section: Molybdenum Intake and Health Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for molybdenum

Products¹

2013

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for molybdenum. Molybdenum is efficiently and rapidly absorbed at a wide range of intakes, and the body is able to maintain homeostasis through the regulation of excretion via the urine. Molybdenum deficiency in otherwise healthy humans has not been observed and there are no biomarkers of molybdenum status. Various metabolic balance studies have been performed to establish molybdenum requirements. However, only one balance study, which was performed with a constant diet and under controlled conditions in adult men, was considered to be of sufficient duration. In this small study, balance was reported to be near zero when molybdenum intakes were 22 µg/day. Biochemical changes or symptoms suggestive of molybdenum deficiency were not observed, and it is possible that humans may be able to achieve molybdenum balance at even lower intakes. Data on molybdenum intakes and health outcomes were unavailable for the setting of DRVs for molybdenum. As the evidence required to derive an Average Requirement and a Population Reference Intake was considered insufficient, an Adequate Intake (AI) is proposed. Observed molybdenum intakes from mixed diets in Europe were taken into consideration in setting this value. An AI of 65 µg/day is proposed for adults; a figure that is based on molybdenum intakes at the lower end of the wide range of observed intakes. It is suggested that the adult AI also applies to pregnant and lactating women. An AI is also proposed for infants from seven months and for children based on extrapolation from the adult AI using isometric scaling and the reference body weights of the respective age groups. Molybdenum is an essential component of certain enzymes that catalyse redox reactions and contain, in addition to molybdenum, other prosthetic groups such as flavin adenine dinucleotide or haem. In humans, sulphite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component require molybdenum linked with a pterin (molybdopterin) as the cofactor. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes and the catabolism of sulphurcontaining amino acids and heterocyclic compounds, including purines, pyrimidines, pteridins and pyridines. © EuropeanIn humans, a single case report of a syndrome suggestive of dietary molybdenum deficiency in a patient on total parenteral nutrition for several months has been reported, but clinical signs of molybdenum deficiency in otherwise healthy humans have not been observed. A distinct molybdenum deficiency syndrome has not been observed in animals when subjected to molybdenum restriction, despite considerable reduction in the activity of molybdoenzymes.Water-soluble molybdates are efficiently and rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract at a wide range of intakes, and the body is able to adapt to this wide intake range by regulating excretion via the urine. Storage of ...

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Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values ‐ Preparation of an evidence report identifying health outcomes upon which Dietary Reference Values could potentially be based for chromium, manganese and molybdenum

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Dietary Manganese Exposure in the Adult Population in Germany—What Does it Mean in Relation to Health Risks?

Dietary Manganese Exposure in the Adult Population in Germany—What Does it Mean in Relation to Health Risks?

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for molybdenum

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