Lithium–Air Batteries: Air-Breathing Challenges and Perspective

Abstract

Lithium−oxygen (Li−O 2 ) batteries have been intensively investigated in recent decades for their utilization in electric vehicles. The intrinsic challenges arising from O 2 (electro)chemistry have been mitigated by developing various types of catalysts, porous electrode materials, and stable electrolyte solutions. At the next stage, we face the need to reform batteries by substituting pure O 2 gas with air from Earth's atmosphere. Thus, the key emerging challenges of Li−air batteries, which are related to the selective filtration of O 2 gas from air and the suppression of undesired reactions with other constituents in air, such as N 2 , water vapor (H 2 O), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), should be properly addressed. In this review, we discuss all key aspects for developing Li−air batteries that are optimized for operating in ambient air and highlight the crucial considerations and perspectives for future air-breathing batteries.

Aprotic lithium air batteries with oxygen-selective membranes

“…Different researchers have studied the required properties of OSM for LAB [27,[95][96][97][98][99][100][101]. All of them have mentioned the following four required properties of OSM for efficient working of LAB in ambient air.…”

Mass transfer analysis of boron-doped carbon nanotube cathodes for dual-electrolyte lithium–air batteries

“…However, metals and their oxides as catalysts have the disadvantages of a complex preparation process and high price. Researchers turned to non-metals to solve these problems, [26][27][28][29][30] and the non-metal advantage was more prominent for alkaline electrolytes. Liu et al 31 developed a synthesis method for preparing porous carbon nanosheets using spinach as carbon, iron, and nitrogen sources and studied their ORR catalytic performance.…”

Microporous Carbon and Carbon/Metal Composite Materials Derived from Bio-Benzoxazine-Linked Precursor for CO2 Capture and Energy Storage Applications

“…The development of high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage devices has been driven by the emergence and steady growth of the electric vehicle market in recent years [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Among the available electrochemical energy storage devices, batteries, and supercapacitors are particularly attractive for their high energy densities, high efficiencies, and low CO 2 emissions [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”