Lithium bioleaching: An emerging approach for the recovery of Li from spent lithium ion batteries

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

“…Bioleaching includes metallurgy, chemistry and biology. Recently, the bioleaching of spent LIBs has been widely attractive to researchers ( Cerruti et al., 1998 ; Mishra et al., 2008 ; Xin et al., 2009 ; Horeh et al., 2016 ; Moazzam et al., 2021 ). Chemolithotropic and acidophilic bacteria are at the center of bioleaching whereby elemental sulfur and ferrous ions are used as energy sources for the production of metabolites such as ferric ions and sulfuric acid ( Xin et al., 2009 ; Li et al., 2013 ) which can dissolve metals from spent secondary batteries.…”

“…Numerous reviews have been published focusing on the technologies of conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes ( Wang and Wu, 2017 ; Zheng et al., 2018 ; Or et al., 2020 ; Bae and Kim, 2021 ; He et al., 2021 ). Some have reported on current developments of some processes ( Makuza et al., 2021 ; Moazzam et al., 2021 ). Recently, few reviews have included both the physical and chemical processes as well as the environmental impacts of these processes ( Huang et al., 2018 ; Fan et al., 2020 ; Zhou et al., 2020 ).…”

Progress and prospect on the recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries: Ending is beginning

“…Bioleaching has the advantages of environmental safety, no emission of harmful gases, low operation cost, and energy demand. [83][84][85] Fungimediated bioleaching dissolves valuable metals mainly through acidolysis, complexation decomposition, and redox decomposition. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum, and Penicillium chrysogenum are the most studied fungi for bioleaching in LIBs.…”

Large-scale direct regeneration of LiFePO4@C based on spray drying

“…[4][5][6] Research has focused on recycling valuable metals such as Co, Ni, and Li from cathode materials using various methods, such as hydrometallurgical technology, pyrometallurgical technology, and biotechnology. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, these processes are more suitable for waste LIBs containing the Ni and Co elements, such as LCO-, NCM-, and NCA-type, and are not applicable to waste LIBs without the Ni and Co elements, such as LFP-and LMO-type. [14][15][16] Moreover, these recycling processes also have some obvious disadvantages: (a) the use of a large amount of chemical reagents, which is very likely to cause secondary pollution and generate a large amount of waste water and waste gas; (b) the process is long, and the cost of repair and regeneration is too high, thus compromising the practical application value.…”