Lithium mining: Accelerating the transition to sustainable energy

Sterba, Jiri; Krzemień, Alicja; Fernández, Pedro Riesgo; García-Miranda, Carmen Escanciano; Valverde, Gregorio Fidalgo

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.05.002

Cited by 60 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…[80] A possible large-scale battery application of the multivalent metals (Mg, Al, and Zn) is strongly motivated by their abundancy and costs. Nevertheless, Li resources are still sufficient for at least 25 years of battery production, [82] which gives enough time (hopefully) to intensify the research on the more abundant and potentially easier recyclable multivalent battery systems (especially when rechargeable aqueous and air batteries can be developed to an application level, as outlined in Section 5 of this Extended Review).…”

Section: Sustainability and Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Side by Side Battery Technologies with Lithium‐Ion Based Batteries

Durmus

Zhang

Baakes

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

174

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Here, we bring to the readers the outcome of Group 1 discussion: Future after lithium. The group has covered battery chemistries that are often being considered as "post-Li" battery technologies. After extensive deliberations, the group concluded that the current vibe about the need of future technologies after the lithium era and, thus, the quest for which new technologies can replace lithium-based battery technology, are somewhat inappropriate and misleading (partially incorrect), respectively. The discussion group reached the conclusion that it would be wise to approach and refer at these technologies as "side-byside" to Li-based batteries. As such, we elaborate here in details on these "side-by-side" promising technologies.Evaluation of the battery concepts depends on several aspects, among which performance is one of the key parameters. Hence, the performance comparison of different cell chemistry is everything, but immediate. As a matter of the fact, the European Commission, e.g., funded the ETIP Batteries Europe (https:// batterieseurope.eu/) as the "one-stop shop" for the batteryrelated R&I ecosystem and aims to accelerate the establishment of a competitive, sustainable and efficient value chain and globally competitive European battery industry through Research and Innovation. Within this ETIP, several working groups have been established, including the one dealing with new and emerging cell technologies. This group, led by Prof. Edström, Dr. Steven and one of the co-authors of this manuscript (SP), is expected to identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) enabling a fair comparison of commercial, new and emerging cell technologies with respect to their applications. However, these KPIs have not been identified yet. Hence, the current study aims to provide insights into "side-by-side" new emerging technologies and also to report a comparative analysis to Li-ion batteries by using a simple approach (i.e., mainly considering cost, energy density, and cycle life). Nonetheless, due to the fact that most of the "side-by-side" technologies are at the early stage of development, a comparison among them is not trivial. Thus, we point out in this progress report only the possibly suitable applications of the new technologies without a comparison. Sodium-Ion Batteries (Na-Ion) IntroductionTo relieve the environmental issues, solving the problem caused by intermittent availability of renewable energy resource, e.g., solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy, is mandatory. Thus, energy storage systems, especially electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems including batteries, supercapacitors, etc., are in the focus of intensive research and development efforts. [1][2][3] In 1991, the Japanese Sony Corp. developed the first commercial lithium-ion batteries with LiCoO 2 and graphite as electrode materials. [4,5] With the blooming of portable electronic Yasin Emre Durmus is currently a PostDoc researcher at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) within the Institute of Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9). ...

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Section: Sustainability and Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Side by Side Battery Technologies with Lithium‐Ion Based Batteries

Durmus

Zhang

Baakes

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

174

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“…In summary, the traditional hydrometallurgy recycling process has a high recovery rate, but it consumes a significant amount of acid or oxidizing agent and generates a lot of wastewater which requires further treatment. Most important, the traditional recycling process is not sufficiently cost-effective after the price of battery-grade lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) fell from $14 000/t to $10 000/t in 2019. , It is critical to develop a green process while producing high-value-added products. We have noted that the price of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) has been more expensive than lithium carbonate since 2018. , Moreover, consumer concerns about the driving range of EVs have prompted the demand of lithium-ion batteries with higher energy densities, which has precipitated a switch to cathode material manufacturers using compounds of lithium nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) and lithium nickel–cobalt–aluminum (NCA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

Zheng

Zhu³

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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An environment friendly and cost-effective process has been developed for production of LiOH from spent LFP cathode material. By using a suspension electrolysis system comprising an electrodialysis process, the spent LFP cathode material was oxidized and released lithium ion in the anode chamber, which is similar to that in the charging of an LFP battery. More than 95% of Li was leached and the current efficiency can reach up to 85.81%. And then the resulting lithium ion was migrated through the cation-exchange membrane and generated LiOH with OH– in the cathode chamber. High purity LiOH solution could be obtained due to the impurities in anode chamber being insulated by the monovalent permselectivity cation-exchange membrane. Kinetics analysis indicates that the delithiation process on the anode electrode was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate was limited by the electrochemistry. Thereafter, it was controlled by the diffusion in the second stage. Finally, LiOH·H2O can be directly produced after evaporative crystallization via vacuum evaporation. A green close-loop process was then proposed, in which very little solid waste or wastewater is generated. Compared with other recovery processes, the proposed process has the highest profit due to the production of LiOH·H2O which is more valuable and no chemical regents being consumed.

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“…The following price relaxation is due to the de-stocking of excess supply, also resulting from the end of subsidies. Beyond that, it will increase recoverable lithium resources [81]. production) [80].…”

Section: Market Demand Natural Resources and Lib Production Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%