Lithogenic risk factors in normal black volunteers, and black and white recurrent stone formers

Whalley,; Martins,; Dyk, Schuyler D. Van; Meyers,

doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00170.x

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the present study even though the UNa/Cr ratio was similar between AA and CS, urine Ca/Cr was higher in AA, indicating the role of other factors in determining UCa/Cr (Table 4). Similarly, Whally et al [46] found a lower urine Ca excretion in the face of a high Na excretion in black vs white adults. Lemann et al [41,42] found that potassium administration in healthy adults resulted in a decrease in urine Ca excretion; however, Chan et al [47] reported no correlation between urine Ca and K excretion in healthy young adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children

Osorio

Simon

et al. 2001

Pediatric Nephrology

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A random urine calcium/creatinine ratio (UCa/Cr) is of practical use in screening for hypercalciuria. However, due to worldwide variations, reference values for the pediatric population are not yet well established. Furthermore, no study has been conducted to establish normal UCa/Cr values in young African-American (AA) children. It has also been previously reported that an elevated UCa/Cr is related to a high urine Na/K ratio (UNa/K). The objectives of the present study were: (1) to set normal values of random UCa/Cr by age and race in the pediatric population of Metropolitan Kansas City, (2) to identify potential racial differences in UCa/Cr between Caucasian (CS) and AA children, and (3) to determine the relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K in healthy children. A total of 368 healthy children of both genders were enrolled in the study. They were divided into four age groups as follows: (1) <7 months, (2) 8-18 months, (3) 19 months to 6 years, and (4) 7-16 years. Each group was subdivided into AA and CS. A non-fasting random urine specimen from each subject was analyzed for Ca, Na, K and creatinine. The median UCa/Cr values for AA were: (1) 0.13, (2) 0.09, (3) 0.06, and (4) 0.04 and for CS they were (1) 0.26, (2) 0.11, (3) 0.10, and (4) 0.09. The data showed a strong inverse relationship between UCa/Cr and age, the youngest children demonstrating the highest UCa/Cr. In each age group, UCa/Cr in CS exceeded the corresponding value in AA. The age-dependent 95th percentiles of UCa/Cr values for CS were (1) 0.70, (2) 0.50, (3) 0.28, and (4) 0.20 and for AA they were (1) 0.38 and (3) 0.24. Due to outliers, the 95th percentile could not be established for the other two AA subgroups. The relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K was found to be extremely weak in both AA (r2=0.00005) and CS (r2=0.02). On the other hand, a strong linear correlation was observed between UNa/K and age (CS r2=0.23, P<0.001, AA r2=0.19, P<0.001), explaining in part the lack of correlation between UNa/K and UCa/Cr. We conclude that the child's age, ethnicity and geographic location should be taken into consideration when assessing UCa/Cr ratio. Contrary to what has previously been reported in hypercalciuric children, no significant relationship was found between UCa/Cr and UNa/K in healthy children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children

Osorio

Simon

et al. 2001

Pediatric Nephrology

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“…Compared to whites, blacks may have less susceptibility to stone risk due to higher levels of protein-based stone inhibitors, 21 lower mean urinary calcium, and prevalence of hypercalciuria. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Lewandowski et al compared South African whites and blacks on a standardized high oxalate, low calcium diet and found that the rise in urinary oxalate was significantly higher in whites but not in blacks. 29 Rodgers and Lewandowski evaluated different diets among white and black South African men, and the renal handling of dietary calcium and oxalate was distinct among the race groups, reflected by differences in urinary oxalate, pH, potassium, and citrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race- and Sex-related Differences in Nephrolithiasis Risk Among Blacks and Whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study

Hsi

Kabagambe

Shu

et al. 2018

Urology

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“…Table 1 lists stone promoting and inhibiting urinary factors and those that should be assayed. [12][13][14][15][16] It is also appropriate to measure serum calcium, urate, and creatinine so that creatinine clearance can be estimated as an assessment of the effectiveness of 24 hour urine collection. Various schedules for urine collection have been proposed, but most require two collections, either both of 24 hours duration or one 16 hour and one eight hour collection.…”

Section: Urinalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Best Practice No 181: Table 1

Reynolds

2005

J Clin Pathol

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Renal stones have afflicted humans for millennia but there is still no solution to this problem. This review discusses the laboratory and metabolic aspects of the clinical management of patients with renal stones, both primary and secondary in origin. First, non-pharmacological interventions such as increased fluid intake, decreased protein consumption, dietary changes in sodium, calcium, oxalate, potassium, purine, vitamins, and essential fatty acids are considered. Then specific pharmacological treatment to modify urine calcium, oxalate, urate, citrate, and acidity are considered. Finally, more unusual types of stone are examined.

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Lithogenic risk factors in normal black volunteers, and black and white recurrent stone formers

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children

Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children

Race- and Sex-related Differences in Nephrolithiasis Risk Among Blacks and Whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study

Best Practice No 181: Table 1

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