Lithosphere atmosphere ionosphere coupling associated with the 2019 Mw 7.1 California earthquake using GNSS and multiple satellites

Abstract

epicenter. On the other hand, EQ anomalies occur during quiet geomagnetic storm activity (Kp < 3; Dst < − 20 nT) and geomagnetic storm triggered high-intensity ionospheric variations during Kp > 3. All these atmospheric and ionospheric perturbations support the development in EQ precursors with satellite measurements, which are indispensable towards the forecasting of future EQ.

Analysis of Potential Precursory Pattern at Earth Surface and the Above Atmosphere and Ionosphere Preceding Two Mw ≥ 7 Earthquakes in Mexico in 2020–2021

“…Certainly, multi-source data, appropriate methods, and clear anomaly recognition criteria are necessary. Plenty of impending anomalies are observed in previous case studies (Cicerone et al, 2009;Daneshvar & Freund, 2017;Genzano et al, 2007;Mehdi et al, 2021;Shah, Aibar, et al, 2020), whereas the signals are sometimes strong, more often fleeting (Freund, 2011). The earthquake precursory pattern with the characteristics including LAIC, repeatability, and early occurrence is significant for earthquake prediction.…”

“…The STEC is then transformed into vertical TEC (VTEC) as described by Mehdi et al. (2021) and Shah, Aibar, et al. (2020).…”

“…Until now, many studies devoted to improving our knowledge of earthquakes preparation phases have reported the anomalies in the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere before earthquakes separately (Davidenko & Pulinets, 2019; Genzano et al., 2021; Jiao et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2018; Saraf et al., 2008; Shah, Tariq, Ahmad, et al., 2019; Shah, Tariq, & Naqvi, 2019; Xu et al., 2021). Some studies investigate pre‐seismic and post‐seismic anomaly evolution of the lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling (LAIC) linked to earthquakes preparation phases (Adil et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2021; Mehdi et al., 2021; Shah, Aibar, et al., 2020; Yang & Hayakawa, 2020). Various theoretical reports were proposed to explain the mechanism of LAIC formation, but this topic is still a challenging task (Freund, 2011; Harrison et al., 2010; Kuo et al., 2011, 2014; Pulinets & Ouzounov, 2011; Pulinets et al., 2018).…”

“…Researchers have conducted several long‐term statistical studies in different regions, and most pre‐seismic thermal anomalies occurred more than a week before the mainshock days (Eleftheriou et al., 2016; Genzano et al., 2021; Zhang & Meng, 2019). In contrast, many LAIC phenomena occur more frequently with the approaching of earthquakes, and peak 5 days or less before earthquakes (Adil et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2021; Mehdi et al., 2021; Shah, Aibar, et al., 2020; Yang & Hayakawa, 2020).…”

Statistical Relationship of Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Typhoon Extinction on the Sea

“…The dual‐frequency signals from satellites will be disturbed by irregularities in the ionosphere as they pass through, causing the parameters of the two signals to change. By calculating the carrier phase difference, TEC can be calculated (Mehdi et al., 2021).…”