“…taxes, fines, charges and market incentives) that can be used to minimize the problem of public littering (cf. Fullerton and Wolverton, 2000;Ackerman, 1997;Dobbs, 1991). One study (Kinnaman and Fullerton, 1994), dealing with garbage recycling, examines why some households participate in curbside recycling programs, even in the absence of a user fee; why other households do not participate, even in the presence of a user fee; and why some households choose to litter while others do not.…”