Little Cigars vs 3R4F Cigarette: Physical Properties and HPHC Yields

Hamad, Samera H.; Johnson, Nathan M.; Tefft, Margaret E.; Brinkman, Marielle C.; Gordon, Sydney M.; Clark, Pamela I.; Buehler, Stephanie

doi:10.18001/trs.3.4.7

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This variation is also seen in other tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes [28, 29]. In agreement with our findings, Hamad et al recently reported that the flavored cigars/cigarillos (Cheyenne menthol and Swisher sweets original and cherry) have more potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) including volatile organic hydrocarbons, increased tobacco mass, and total particulate matter (TPM) compared with conventional research reference cigarettes (3R4F) [4]. Hence, HPHCs and particulate matter (PM) including ROS released by cigars would contribute to cellular/tissue injury in the lungs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the current environment where the focus is on the dangers of cigarettes, cigars are often perceived to be safer than cigarettes due to the lack of public attention and scientific knowledge [1–3]. From the year 2000–2011, there was a 33% decrease in consumption in cigarettes and a 123% increase in the use of non-cigarette products, like cigars [4]. This change in behavior is also seen in youths where it was reported in 2012 that cigars were the second most common way for youths to use tobacco [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

et al. 2019

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Flavored tobacco products are increasing in popularity but remain unregulated, with the exception of the ban on flavored conventional cigarettes. Lack of regulation of cigarillos and little cigars allows vendors to have their own version of popular flavors, each with different chemical components. A new classification system was created for flavored cigars in order to easily communicate our results with the scientific community. To understand the physicochemical characteristics of flavored little cigars and cigarillo smoke, size distribution and concentration of particulate matter in smoke were determined. Acellular reactive oxygen species generation was measured as an indirect measurement of the potential to cause oxidative stress in cells. In addition, cigarillo smoke extract treatment on bronchial epithelial (Beas-2b) cells were assessed to determine the flavor-induced cellular toxicity. Flavored cigars/cigarillos showed significant variability in the tested parameters between flavors as well as brands of the same flavor, but most of the cigars showed higher potential of generating oxidative stress, than research grade cigarettes. Flavored cigars produced maximum particle concentrations at 1.0μm and 4.0 μm compared with 3R4F reference research cigarettes. A differential cytotoxic response was observed with cigarillo smoke extract treatments, with “fruits/candy” and “drinks” being the most toxic, but were not more cytotoxic than smoke from cigarettes. These cigarillos with flavors must be well characterized for toxicity in order to prevent adverse effects caused by exposure to flavor chemicals. Our study provides insight into understanding the potential health effects of flavor-infused cigars/cigarillos and the need for the regulation of those flavoring chemicals in these products. Future research is directed to determine the flavoring toxicity of little cigars and cigarillos in vivo studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

et al. 2019

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“…Burley tobacco tends to contain high levels of nitrates that form nitrogen oxides during smoking and elevated pH, which increases the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in smoke (34). A more recent study by Hamad and colleagues (2017) compared semivolatile harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in the mainstream smoke of little cigars to those in the 3R4F reference cigarette (35). The researchers observed higher yields of TSNAs and benzo(a)pyrene, but comparable nicotine in little cigars compared with cigarettes, which is consistent with our biomarker findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Chang¹,

Rostron²,

Corey³

et al. 2019

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Given the diverse cigar market and limited data on biomarker patterns by cigar type, we compared biomarkers of nicotine and tobacco toxicants among cigar smokers and other groups.Methods: Using Wave 1 urinary biomarker data from 5,604 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we compared geometric mean concentrations among cigar-only smokers (all cigars and separately for traditional, cigarillo, and filtered cigars), cigarette-only smokers, dual cigar/cigarette smokers, and never users of tobacco. We calculated geometric mean ratios comparing groups with never users adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education and creatinine.Results: Some day cigar-only smokers had lower biomarker concentrations than every day cigar-only smokers, but higher than never users. Every day cigar-only smokers (n ¼ 61) had lower TNE-2 (cotinineþtrans-3 0 -hydroxycotinine) compared to every day cigarette-only (n ¼ 2217; P < 0.0001) and dual cigar/cigarette smokers (n ¼ 601; P < 0.0001). Several biomarkers, including NNAL (NNK metabolite) and CYMA (metabolite of acrylonitrile), were comparable in these groups. In exploratory analyses, every day filtered cigar-only (n ¼ 7) smokers had higher biomarker concentrations compared with every day traditional cigar-only smokers (n ¼ 12) and cigarillo-only smokers (n ¼ 24). Every day smokers of each cigar type were similar to exclusive cigarette smokers. For some biomarkers, particularly for every day filtered cigar-only smokers, concentrations were higher.Conclusions: For some biomarkers, every day cigar-only smokers were comparable with every day cigarette-only smokers. Exploratory analyses suggest that biomarkers vary by cigar type with every day filtered cigar-only smokers having the highest concentrations.Impact: High exposure to harmful constituents among cigar smokers is a continuing health issue. a Geometric mean ratios are adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and creatinine. c Greater than 40% of samples tested below the limit of detection.Chang et al.

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“…As in our previous studies (Chen et al, 2008;Sekizawa et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2018), sidestream cigarette smoke, a surrogate for secondhand smoke, was generated from conditioned 3R4F research cigarettes using a modified ADL/II system (Little Cambridge, MA, USA). The 3R4F cigarette, an international standard reference cigarette for smoke research (Hamad et al, 2017), was obtained from the University of Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute (Lexington, KY, USA) and smoked under Federal Trade Commission conditions (2-second puff of 35 cm 3 volume, one puff per min). Smoke was collected and diluted with FA in a mixing chamber to achieve the target total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration of 3 mg/m 3 , and then delivered to a 0.44 m 3 glass Hinners-type exposure chamber where the mice were exposed (whole body exposure) in their home cage with wire lids, rodent chow, and water ad libitum.…”

Section: Shs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Secondhand Smoke Decreased Excitability and Altered Action Potential Characteristics of Cardiac Vagal Neurons in Mice

et al. 2021

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Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS), a major indoor pollutant, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Exposure to SHS can produce autonomic imbalance, as evidenced by reduced heart rate variability (HRV)—a clinical metric of cardiac vagal regulation. Currently, the mechanisms through which SHS changes the vagal preganglionic neuronal inputs to the heart to produce this remains unknown.Objectives: To characterize the effect of SHS on both the excitability and action potential (AP) characteristics of anatomically identified cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus and examine whether SHS alters small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel activity of these CVNs.Methods: Adult male mice were exposed to four weeks of filtered air or SHS (3 mg/m3) 6 h/day, 5 day/week. Using patch-clamp recordings on identified CVNs in brainstem slices, we determined neuronal excitability and AP characteristics with depolarizing step- and ramp-current injections.Results: Four weeks of SHS exposure reduced spiking responses to depolarizing current injections and increased AP voltage threshold in CVNs. Perfusion with apamin (20 nM) magnified these SHS-induced effects, suggesting reduced SK channel activity may serve to minimize the SHS-induced decreases in CVNs excitability. Medium afterhyperpolarization (a measurement of SK channel activity) was smaller in the SHS group, further supporting a lower SK channel activity. AP amplitude, rise rate, fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude (a measurement of voltage-gated channel activity), and decay rate were higher in the SHS group at membrane voltages more positive to 0 mV, suggesting altered inactivation properties of voltage-dependent channels underlying APs.Discussion: SHS exposure reduced neuronal excitability of CVNs with compensatory attenuation of SK channel activity and altered AP characteristics. Neuroplasticity of CVNs could blunt regulatory cardiac vagal signaling and contribute to the cardiovascular consequences associated with SHS exposure, including reduced HRV.

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Little Cigars vs 3R4F Cigarette: Physical Properties and HPHC Yields

Cited by 20 publications

References 41 publications

Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Secondhand Smoke Decreased Excitability and Altered Action Potential Characteristics of Cardiac Vagal Neurons in Mice

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