Littrow configuration tunable external cavity diode laser with fixed direction output beam

Hawthorn, C. J.; Weber, Konradin; Scholten, R. E.

doi:10.1063/1.1419217

Cited by 203 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Implementation of a 3f demodulation scheme would reduce the sensitivity to changes in the Doppler background, and frequency shifts related to laser intensity changes can be reduced by active control of the laser output power, for example, by acting on the temperature of the laser diode. 10 Providing the entire laser head with an additional layer of magnetic shielding ͑as would be the case in a Rb clock͒ and a modified ECDL design to provide a stable output beam direction 1,16,33 should further contribute to reach an improved laser frequency stability around 2 ϫ 10 −13 at 10 4 s or beyond.…”

Section: B Frequency Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation

Affolderbach

Mileti

2005

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present a compact and frequency-stabilized laser head based on an extended-cavity diode laser. The laser head occupies a volume of 200 cm 3 and includes frequency stabilization to Doppler-free saturated absorption resonances on the hyperfine components of the 87 Rb D 2 lines at 780 nm, obtained from a simple and compact spectroscopic setup using a 2 cm 3 vapor cell. The measured frequency stability is ഛ2 ϫ 10 −12 over integration times from 1 s to 1 day and shows the potential to reach 2 ϫ 10 −13 over 10 2 −10 5 s. Compact laser sources with these performances are of great interest for applications in gas-cell atomic frequency standards, atomic magnetometers, interferometers and other instruments requiring stable and narrow-band optical sources.

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Section: B Frequency Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation

Affolderbach

Mileti

2005

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Both lasers were built after the design of refs. [15,16], adapted to the emission wavelengths. ECDL1 operates at the frequency of the D2 transition in atomic rubidium (780 nm).…”

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confidence: 99%

Observation of the5p3/2→6p3/2electric-dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium using optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy

et al. 2015

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Direct evidence of excitation of the 5p 3/2 → 6p 3/2 electric dipole forbidden transition in atomic rubidium is presented. The experiments were performed in a room temperature rubidium cell with continuous wave extended cavity diode lasers. Optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy with counterpropagating beams allows the detection of the non-dipole transition free of Doppler broadening. The 5p 3/2 state is prepared by excitation with a laser locked to the maximum F cyclic transition of the D2 line, and the forbidden transition is produced by excitation with a 911 nm laser. Production of the forbidden transition is monitored by detection of the 420 nm fluorescence that results from decay of the 6p 3/2 state. Spectra with three narrow lines (≈ 13 MHz FWHM) with the characteristic F − 1, F and F + 1 splitting of the 6p 3/2 hyperfine structure in both rubidium isotopes were obtained. The results are in very good agreement with a direct calculation that takes into account the 5s → 5p 3/2 preparation dynamics, the 5p 3/2 → 6p 3/2 non-dipole excitation geometry and the 6p 3/2 → 5s 1/2 decay. The comparison also shows that the electric dipole forbidden transition is a very sensitive probe of the preparation dynamics.PACS numbers: 32.70. Cs,32.70.Fw While the electric dipole approximation is a cornerstone in the study of the interaction between optical radiation fields and atoms, transitions induced by optical fields beyond this approximation have also become important tools in basic and applied studies of atoms. These so called "forbidden transitions" have been traditionally used in astrophysical and plasma studies [1]. They now play a fundamental role in metrology [2] and have also been used in experiments testing parity nonconserving interactions in atoms [3].In early studies of forbidden transitions, Sayer et al. [4] determined transition probabilities of electric quadrupole (E2) transitions using a tungsten lamp. The first direct observation of electric quadrupole effects in multiphoton ionization dates back to the work of Lambropoulos et al.[5]. Electric-dipole-forbidden transitions were exploited in three-wave-mixing experiments for optical sum and difference frequency generation in [6].The use of intense continuous-wave or pulsed laser sources has facilitated the observation of weak absorption lines. For instance, Tojo et al.[7] reported a determination of the oscillator strength of a E2 transition with a temperature-controlled cell and an extended cavity diode laser. Also, the study of strongly forbidden J = 0 → J = 0 transitions via single-photon excitation is presented in [8]. Excitation of forbidden transitions involving states with nonzero angular momentum in alkali atoms have also been studied over the last few years [9][10][11][12][13]. The coherent mixing of waves is theoretically studied in [9] for n 1 2 P − n 2 2 P transitions. The excitation of the 5p → 8p forbidden transition in thermal rubidium atoms was produced with a pulsed laser in [10] and using cold atoms in [12]. The experiment with co...

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“…The examples include vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with an optimized microelectromechanical system (MEMS) tuning structure [8], thermally widely tunable laser diodes with distributed feedback [9], sampled grating distributed bragg reflector (SGDBR) laser [10], and external cavity lasers (ECL) [11,12], and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable ring laser based on a semiconductor optical amplifier at 1300 nm using a simple wavelength selection filter

Jeon

Kim

Song

et al. 2008

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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A simple, compact, and low cost tunable ring laser with a commercial semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) was demonstrated. The tunable ring laser is based on an external wavelength filter cavity that is analogous with the Littman configuration with a diffraction grating, a mirror, and a simple slit. The unique structural advantage of this new system is that the slit is displaced to select a desired wavelength instead of tilting the mirror as in the Littman configuration. This allows easy control over the selected wavelength by the translating action of the slit. The full width half maximum (FWHM) wavelength turning range is 45 nm, and the wavelength resolution is about 2 pm. The demonstrated tunable ring laser has 2 mW output power. The side mode suppression ratios is 70-73 dB.

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Littrow configuration tunable external cavity diode laser with fixed direction output beam

Cited by 203 publications

References 15 publications

A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation

A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation

Observation of the5p3/2→6p3/2electric-dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium using optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy

Tunable ring laser based on a semiconductor optical amplifier at 1300 nm using a simple wavelength selection filter

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