Livedo racemosa generalisata: An evaluation of thirty-four cases

The clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus

“…In a recent meta-anal- Livedo reticularis and racemosa LR is a "persistent, not reversible with rewarming, violaceous, red or blue, reticular or mottled pattern of the skin of trunk, arms, or legs, consisting of regular unbroken circles" (1). Livedo racemosa is a striking violaceous netlike pattern, and compared with LR, it is more generalized and widespread, non-infiltrated, and has irregular, broken, circular segments (78)(79)(80)(81). Data on livedo racemosa, which is more closely associated with aPL-related clinical problems, are limited; the distinction between LR and livedo racemosa has not been addressed well in the literature, and the term "LR" is generally used for both.…”

Tremor as the first neurological manifestation of Sneddon's syndrome

“…Sneddon's syndrome, characterized by pathological livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular disease, is the cause of 2.6 per 1,000 strokes in adults 8. The incidence of cases is 4 per million per annum and a mortality rate of 9.5% was reported in a mean observation period of 6.2 years 9. The pathophysiology of ischemic events in patients with SS is understood poorly 6.…”

“…The pathophysiology of ischemic events in patients with SS is understood poorly 6. Analysis of skin biopsy specimens of the livedo reticularis suggests microvascular events based on an endothelial target as a primary event 9–13. It is speculated that a similar process may underlie vascular lesions in the central nervous system 9, 14.…”

“…Analysis of skin biopsy specimens of the livedo reticularis suggests microvascular events based on an endothelial target as a primary event 9–13. It is speculated that a similar process may underlie vascular lesions in the central nervous system 9, 14. In some series,12 analysis of other vascular risk factors has found that up to 65% of patients have systemic hypertension; however, the participation of this factor in genesis of cerebrovascular lesions remains controversial.…”

Livedo racemosa mit Ulzerationen

“…Sie kann im Rahmen zahlreicher Erkrankungen vorkommen oder in ihrer Ursache ungeklärt sein (idiopathische Form) [1,6,9]. Sie kann im Rahmen zahlreicher Erkrankungen vorkommen oder in ihrer Ursache ungeklärt sein (idiopathische Form) [1,6,9].…”