“…Macroscopic appearances of the pancreas in experimental animals can be divided into two basic patterns. The first is a diffusely distributed mesenteric type found in rabbits, and the second is a more compact type found in hamsters, dogs, and monkeys that is similar to that of humans 10 , 23 . The rat and mouse pancreas is classified as an intermediate because the splenic portion is relatively compact, but the duodenal portion is dispersed within the mesentery 23 .…”
Section: Gross Anatomy Of the Pancreas In Experimental Animalsmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…According to a histology textbook, the endocrine component represents about 2% of the pancreas volume, whereas a toxicologic pathology textbook states that the endocrine tissue comprises <5% of the pancreas and that the exocrine pancreatic tissue comprises the remaining >95% of the pancreas 3 , 8 . Though the number or volume of endocrine cells per pancreas varies between different stages of development and also changes due to age-related or disease-related alterations 1 , 36 , 37 , the percentage area of each morphometrically detected endocrine tissue in the pancreas of each sample animal is shown in Fig. 5 Fig.…”
Section: Proportion Of the Endocrine Component In The Pancreasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pancreas is composed of exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell islets, the latter being scattered throughout the former in mammalian species 1 , 2 , 3 . Exocrine injury can be induced by various agents, and endocrine injury can also be induced by certain chemicals 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exocrine injury can be induced by various agents, and endocrine injury can also be induced by certain chemicals 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Furthermore, exocrine injury may involve endocrine tissue 10 , 11 . Recently, the endocrine-exocrine interface has been proposed as another target of injury with regard to pancreatic toxicity, and it is adaptable to a certain type of pancreatic lesions, peri-islet hemorrhage, and/or fibrosis, as has been previously reported 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To understand pancreatic toxicity, it is important to understand the anatomical histology related to the correlation between exocrine and endocrine tissues. There is species-specific variation in the macroscopic structure and histological appearance of the pancreas; in particular, the distribution and composition of each endocrine cell in the islets varies among experimental animals 1 , 4 , 8 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 18 . Rats and mice and dogs and monkeys have been used in toxicity studies as rodents and non-rodents, respectively, in the process of developing new pharmaceutical products.…”
As basic knowledge for evaluation of pancreatic toxicity, anatomical structures were
compared among experimental animal species, including rats, dogs, monkeys, and minipigs.
In terms of gross anatomy, the pancreases of dogs, monkeys, and minipigs are compact and
similar to that of humans. The rat pancreas is relatively compact at the splenic segment,
but the duodenal segment is dispersed within the mesentery. In terms of histology, the
islet of each animal is characterized by a topographic distribution pattern of α- versus
β-cells. β-cells occupy the large central part of the rat islet, and α-cells are located
in the periphery and occasionally exhibit cuffing. In dog islets, β-cells are distributed
in all parts and α-cells are scattered in the center or periphery of the islet (at body
and left lobe); whereas β-cells occupy all parts of the islet and no α-cells are present
in the islet (at right lobe). Monkey islets show two distinct patterns, that is,
α-cell-rich or β-cell-rich islets, and the former represent peripheral β-cells forming an
irregular ring. Minipig islets show an irregular outline, and both α- and β-cells are
present in all parts of the islet, intermingling with each other. According to
morphometry, the endocrine tissue accounts for <2% of the pancreas roughly in rats and
minipigs, and that of monkeys accounts for >7% of the pancreas (at tail). The endocrine
tissue proportion tends to increase as the position changes from right to left in the
pancreas in each species.
“…Macroscopic appearances of the pancreas in experimental animals can be divided into two basic patterns. The first is a diffusely distributed mesenteric type found in rabbits, and the second is a more compact type found in hamsters, dogs, and monkeys that is similar to that of humans 10 , 23 . The rat and mouse pancreas is classified as an intermediate because the splenic portion is relatively compact, but the duodenal portion is dispersed within the mesentery 23 .…”
Section: Gross Anatomy Of the Pancreas In Experimental Animalsmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…According to a histology textbook, the endocrine component represents about 2% of the pancreas volume, whereas a toxicologic pathology textbook states that the endocrine tissue comprises <5% of the pancreas and that the exocrine pancreatic tissue comprises the remaining >95% of the pancreas 3 , 8 . Though the number or volume of endocrine cells per pancreas varies between different stages of development and also changes due to age-related or disease-related alterations 1 , 36 , 37 , the percentage area of each morphometrically detected endocrine tissue in the pancreas of each sample animal is shown in Fig. 5 Fig.…”
Section: Proportion Of the Endocrine Component In The Pancreasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pancreas is composed of exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell islets, the latter being scattered throughout the former in mammalian species 1 , 2 , 3 . Exocrine injury can be induced by various agents, and endocrine injury can also be induced by certain chemicals 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Exocrine injury can be induced by various agents, and endocrine injury can also be induced by certain chemicals 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Furthermore, exocrine injury may involve endocrine tissue 10 , 11 . Recently, the endocrine-exocrine interface has been proposed as another target of injury with regard to pancreatic toxicity, and it is adaptable to a certain type of pancreatic lesions, peri-islet hemorrhage, and/or fibrosis, as has been previously reported 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To understand pancreatic toxicity, it is important to understand the anatomical histology related to the correlation between exocrine and endocrine tissues. There is species-specific variation in the macroscopic structure and histological appearance of the pancreas; in particular, the distribution and composition of each endocrine cell in the islets varies among experimental animals 1 , 4 , 8 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 18 . Rats and mice and dogs and monkeys have been used in toxicity studies as rodents and non-rodents, respectively, in the process of developing new pharmaceutical products.…”
As basic knowledge for evaluation of pancreatic toxicity, anatomical structures were
compared among experimental animal species, including rats, dogs, monkeys, and minipigs.
In terms of gross anatomy, the pancreases of dogs, monkeys, and minipigs are compact and
similar to that of humans. The rat pancreas is relatively compact at the splenic segment,
but the duodenal segment is dispersed within the mesentery. In terms of histology, the
islet of each animal is characterized by a topographic distribution pattern of α- versus
β-cells. β-cells occupy the large central part of the rat islet, and α-cells are located
in the periphery and occasionally exhibit cuffing. In dog islets, β-cells are distributed
in all parts and α-cells are scattered in the center or periphery of the islet (at body
and left lobe); whereas β-cells occupy all parts of the islet and no α-cells are present
in the islet (at right lobe). Monkey islets show two distinct patterns, that is,
α-cell-rich or β-cell-rich islets, and the former represent peripheral β-cells forming an
irregular ring. Minipig islets show an irregular outline, and both α- and β-cells are
present in all parts of the islet, intermingling with each other. According to
morphometry, the endocrine tissue accounts for <2% of the pancreas roughly in rats and
minipigs, and that of monkeys accounts for >7% of the pancreas (at tail). The endocrine
tissue proportion tends to increase as the position changes from right to left in the
pancreas in each species.
Fungal‐derived food products align with sustainable food supply principles and offer a sustainable and nutritious option for consumers. Rhizomucor pusillus strain CBS 143028 has emerged as a candidate food ingredient. Fermentation of R. pusillus CBS 143028 results in a mycelium biomass mainly comprising fungal proteins, cell wall components, and micronutrients. Although R. pusillus has a history of safe use in the production of food enzymes and in traditional fermented foods, the fungal biomass obtained after fermentation of R. pusillus CBS 143028 is considered a novel food and requires a thorough safety assessment. To this end, a 90‐day oral toxicity study was conducted in which Wistar rats (10/sex/group) were provided diets containing 0, 100,000, 200,000, or 300,000 ppm of R. pusillus mycelium. Standard toxicity study parameters as given in OECD Test Guideline 408 were examined. The mean achieved dosages of R. pusillus mycelium were 6398, 12,738, or 19,668 mg/kg body weight/day for males and 7235, 14,949, or 22,461 mg/kg body weight/day for females in the low‐, mid‐, and high‐dose groups, respectively. Although statistically significant differences were reported, these effects were not considered biologically relevant or test article‐related due to atypical values in the control groups, the lack of a dose response relationship, or were attributed to normal biological variation. Thus, the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) was established at 300,000 ppm (corresponding to 19,668 and 22,461 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females, respectively), the highest concentration tested.
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