“Living” Free Radical Photopolymerization Initiated from Surface-Grafted Iniferter Monolayers

Boer, Bart de; Simon, Helene; Werts, M.P L; Vegte, E. W. van der; Hadziioannou, Georges

doi:10.1021/ma9910944

Cited by 201 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These include atom transfer radical polymerizations ͑ATRPs͒ from alkyl halides, [148][149][150][151] nitroxide-mediated polymerizations ͑NMPs͒, 151 and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations from benzyl N , N-diethyldithiocarbamates. 152,153 ATRP is a particularly attractive approach for the preparation of polymer brushes. It is a living polymerization and allows for control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution and affords the opportunity to prepare block copolymers.…”

Section: Fa8 Raynor Et Al: Controlling Cell Adhesion To Biomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer brushes and self-assembled monolayers: Versatile platforms to control cell adhesion to biomaterials (Review)

et al. 2009

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This review focuses on the surface modification of substrates with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polymer brushes to tailor interactions with biological systems and to thereby enhance their performance in bioapplications. Surface modification of biomedical implants promotes improved biocompatibility and enhanced implant integration with the host. While SAMs of alkanethiols on gold substrates successfully prevent nonspecific protein adsorption in vitro and can further be modified to tether ligands to control in vitro cell adhesion, extracellular matrix assembly, and cellular differentiation, this model system suffers from lack of stability in vivo. To overcome this limitation, highly tuned polymer brushes have been used as more robust coatings on a greater variety of biologically relevant substrates, including titanium, the current orthopedic clinical standard. In order to improve implant-bone integration, the authors modified titanium implants with a robust SAM on which surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was performed, yielding oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate brushes. These brushes afforded the ability to tether bioactive ligands, which effectively promoted bone cell differentiation in vitro and supported significantly better in vivo functional implant integration.

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Section: Fa8 Raynor Et Al: Controlling Cell Adhesion To Biomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer brushes and self-assembled monolayers: Versatile platforms to control cell adhesion to biomaterials (Review)

et al. 2009

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“…Photo-initiators with diethyldithiocarbamyl groups were often used under UV irradiation because of the simple operation [25]. Diethyldithiocarbamyl-modified silica nanoparticles (DEDTAPSN) have been prepared and used as macro-iniferters for the surface-initiated controlled/'living' radical polymerization (SI-CLRP) of styrene under UV irradiation (Scheme 7) [26].…”

Section: Macro-iniferter Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-chain polymers ‘grafting from’ inorganic nanoparticles

Liu

2005

E-Polymers

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'Grafting from' methods can achieve higher percentages of grafting than 'grafting to' methods in the preparation of carbon-chain polymer grafted inorganic nanoparticles (CCP-INs). 'Grafting from' methods -such as one-pot method, macro-monomer, macro chain transfer agent, macro-initiator, and macro-iniferter methods, used for the preparation of CCP-INs in our laboratory in the recent years -are reviewed and the grafting parameters are compared. Characterization of the CCP-INs is also described.

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“…The potentials lead to electrokinetic instabilities that disrupted the laminar nature of the flow and increased mixing. One popular method for manipulating electroosmotic flow is to modify the surfaces of the microfluidic channels [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Since electroosmotic flow is proportional to the zeta potential of a surface, modifying the zeta potential on that surface can be an effective way to manipulate electroosmotic velocity.…”

Section: Mixing Using Electroosmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixing in polymeric microfluidic devices.

Schunk¹,

Sun²,

Davis

et al. 2006

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This SAND report describes progress made during a Sandia National Laboratories sponsored graduate fellowship. The fellowship was funded through an LDRD proposal. The goal of this project is development and characterization of mixing strategies for polymeric microfluidic devices. The mixing strategies under investigation include electroosmotic flow focusing, hydrodynamic focusing, physical constrictions and porous polymer monoliths. For electroosmotic flow focusing, simulations were performed to determine the effect of electroosmotic flow in a microchannel with heterogeneous surface potential. The heterogeneous surface potential caused recirculations to form within the microchannel. These recirculations could then be used to restrict two mixing streams and reduce the characteristic diffusion length. Maximum mixing occurred when the ratio of the mixing region surface potential to the average channel surface potential was made large in magnitude and negative in sign, and when the ratio of the characteristic convection time to the characteristic diffusion time was minimized. Based on these results, experiments were performed to evaluate the manipulation of surface potential using living-radical photopolymerization. The material chosen to manipulate typically exhibits a negative surface potential. Using living-radical surface grafting, a positive surface potential was produced using 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and a neutral surface was 3 produced using a poly(ethylene glycol) surface graft. Simulations investigating hydrodynamic focusing were also performed. For this technique, mixing is enhanced by using a tertiary fluid stream to constrict the two mixing streams and reduce the characteristic diffusion length. Maximum mixing occurred when the ratio of the tertiary flow stream flow-rate to the mixing streams flow-rate was maximized. Also, like the electroosmotic focusing mixer, mixing was also maximized when the ratio of the characteristic convection time to the characteristic diffusion time was minimized. Physical constrictions were investigated through simulations. The results show that the maximum mixing occurs when the height of the mixing region is minimized. Finally, experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of using porous polymer monoliths to enhance mixing. The porous polymer monoliths were constructed using a monomer/salt paste. Two salt crystal size ranges were used; 75 to 106 microns and 53 to 180 microns. Mixing in the porous polymer monoliths fabricated with the 75 to 106 micron salt crystal size range was six times higher than a channel without a monolith. Mixing in the monolith fabricated with the 53 to 180 micron salt crystal size range was nine times higher.4

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“Living” Free Radical Photopolymerization Initiated from Surface-Grafted Iniferter Monolayers

Cited by 201 publications

References 37 publications

Polymer brushes and self-assembled monolayers: Versatile platforms to control cell adhesion to biomaterials (Review)

Polymer brushes and self-assembled monolayers: Versatile platforms to control cell adhesion to biomaterials (Review)

Carbon-chain polymers ‘grafting from’ inorganic nanoparticles

Mixing in polymeric microfluidic devices.

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