Living status and frequency of eating out-of-home foods in relation to nutritional adequacy in 4,017 Japanese female dietetic students aged 18–20 years: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundLiving status (e.g., living with family or alone) may affect dietary habits. We compared nutritional adequacy according to living status and the frequency of eating out-of-home foods in young Japanese women.MethodsFemale dietetic students (aged 18–20 years; n = 4,017) participated in a cross-sectional multicenter study, which was conducted in 85 dietetic schools in 35 of 47 prefectures in Japan. Habitual dietary intake was assessed with a validated diet history questionnaire. Nutritional adequacy was determined based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2015, for two goals: preventing non-communicable chronic disease (a tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases [DG] that tracks five nutrients) and avoiding insufficient intake of mainly vitamins and minerals (estimated average requirement [EAR] that tracks 14 nutrients).ResultsWomen living with their family were less likely to meet DG nutrient levels, but more likely to meet EAR nutrient levels compared with those living alone. In contrast, women living alone had more inadequate nutrients with EAR and fewer nutrients with not-meeting DG than those living with families. A higher frequency of eating out-of-home was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of not-meeting DG nutrient levels only in the women living with their family.ConclusionsThe prevalence of nutritional adequacy varied based on living status. In addition, women living with their family and those with a high frequency of eating out-of-home foods had the highest prevalence of not-meeting DG. Effective ways of improving dietary quality among young Japanese women differ by living status.

Breakfast skipping is related to inadequacy of vitamin and mineral intakes among Japanese female junior high school students: a cross-sectional study

“…There was little to no nutrient inadequacy of protein, vitamin B 12 and Cu among the entire study population (incidence: 0 %). The proportion of Japanese adolescent girls (46) and young women (36) with insufficient intakes of these nutrients was reported to be very small, and thus these reports are consistent with our present findings. In other words, protein, vitamin B 12 and Cu might be nutrients which are sufficiently consumed by Japanese people, and the adequacy of these nutrients may not be related to breakfast skipping.…”

“…Inadequacy of intake for each nutrient was determined by comparing nutrient levels with each dietary reference value according to the Japanese DRI using a previously reported method (35)(36)(37) . Different types of dietary reference values comprising the Japanese DRI were established according to their purpose.…”

Infrequent home-cooked meal consumption is related to the inadequacy of dietary fibre and minerals intake among Japanese adults aged 18-64 years: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey

“…These results were consistent with those from previous studies that showed a higher frequency of eating out among men and younger adults when compared with that among older adults [13,41], or higher proportion of eating out in men than women [13]. Similar to a previous study among Japanese university students [36], living alone was associated with a higher frequency of eating meals prepared away from home. In addition, women living in urban areas had less home-cooked meal consumption, which is consistent with the result of a Vietnamese study.…”

“…Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the difference in the prevalence of meeting DRIs based on the Low and Middle groups according to the frequency of the home-cooked meal consumption compared with the High group in the crude and adjusted model. Confounding factors considered in the adjusted model were age category (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50), and 51-64 years), occupation (professional/manager, sales/service/clerical, security/transportation/labour, student, housekeeper, and not in paid employment), living alone or not (yes or no), region (Hokkaido/Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku/Tokai, Kinki, Shikoku/Chugoku, Kyusyu), current smoker (yes or no) and habitual alcohol drinker (yes or no), which was reported as a factor affecting the frequency of consumption of meals prepared away from home [8,27]. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS statistical software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).…”

“…Inadequate intake of each nutrient was determined by comparing consumed nutrient levels with the relevant dietary reference value according to the Japanese DRIs, using a previously reported method. [35][36][37] In the Japanese DRIs, different types of dietary reference values were established according to their purpose. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is set to prevent insu cient intake of nutrients, whereas the tentative dietary goal to prevent lifestyle-related diseases (DG) is set to prevent noncommunicable diseases.…”