Living with the enemy: viral persistent infections from a friendly viewpoint

Goic, Bertsy; Saleh, María-Carla

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2012.06.002

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Picornavirads are ubiquitous and many infect their host persistently (latent, covert, asymptomatic or chronic infection [9]) without inducing the overt signs typical of acute infection. For this reason, persistent viruses can remain undetected for long periods until they are discovered serendipitously or by next generation sequencing (NGS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges associated with research on RNA viruses of insects

Carrillo-Tripp

Bonning

Miller

2015

Current Opinion in Insect Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges associated with research on RNA viruses of insects

Carrillo-Tripp

Bonning

Miller

2015

Current Opinion in Insect Science

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“…Virus-host interactions are moreover complicated by situations of persistent infections, when the host can sometimes benefit from "living with the (viral) enemy", and can even gain from internalization of RNA viruses in to the genome, using the cell's own reverse transcription abilities [54]. While the underlying mechanisms are unknown, it was discovered that the human genome contains bits and pieces of non-retrovirus RNA viruses [55,56].…”

Section: Manipulation Of Transgenerational Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Guest list or black list: heritable small RNAs as immunogenic memories

Rechavi

2014

Trends in Cell Biology

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Small RNA-mediated gene silencing plays a pivotal role in genome immunity by recognizing and eliminating viruses and transposons which otherwise may colonize the genome. However, this can be challenging since individual genomic parasites are highly diverse, and employ multiple immune evasion techniques. In this review, I discuss a new theory proposing that the integrity of the germline is maintained by transgenerationally-transmitted RNA "memories" that record ancestral gene expression patterns, and delineate "Self" from "Foreign" sequences. To maintain such recollection two tactics are employed in parallel: "black listing" of invading nucleic acids, and "guest listing" of endogenous genes. Studies in a number of organisms have shown that this memorization is used by the next generation small RNAs to act as "Inherited Vaccines" that ambush invading elements, or as "Inherited Licenses" that grant the transcription of autogenous sequences. KeywordsSmall RNA; Transgenerational Inheritance; Inherited Immunity; Self Vs. Non-Self; "Inherited Vaccines" Overview of transgenerational inheritanceEvolution progresses through an interplay between two major forces, selection and variation. Since the formulation of the Modern Synthesis the theory holds that the environment is limited in its contribution to the evolutionary course of action -it affects selection, but not the degree of variation [1,2]. However, recent discoveries in epigenetics suggest that the environment may influence variability as well [1]. If the parental environment is predictive of the conditions that the progeny will face (often for sessile or short-lived organisms), epigenetic responses can change the output of the encoded genetic information in an adaptive manner [3]. For example, the water flea Daphnia changes its normal developmental course and develops a "helmet" that protects it from predators, if it is born to a mother that survived a similar attack [4].Correspondence to: odedrechavi@gmail.com. Over the years, controversy surrounded the study of environmentally affected transgenerational inheritance. Today, an improved understanding of epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level has provided a logical background to explain how, heretically, an adaptive acquired trait could become heritable [5]. Several epigenetic mechanisms could regulate the expression of relevant genes during transgenerational inheritance including DNA methylation, histone modification, and transmission of regulatory RNAs. Moreover, in many organisms, these pathways appear to be interconnected [5][6][7][8]. Europe PMC Funders GroupThis review will concentrate on recent discoveries that establish a role for small RNAs in transgenerational transmission of acquired defense. Furthermore, exciting examples of RNA-mediated non-Mendelian genetic effects will be discussed, along with their possible implications for the study of evolution and immunology. RNA-mediated gene silencing and inheritanceSince the original discovery that small RNAs derived from exogenously-provided dou...

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“…To stretch it further, even certain interactions between viruses specifically RNA viruses and their hosts may be considered as environmental RNAi, as genomic RNAs or RNA transcripts of virus often manipulate gene expression of host cells via RNAi pathway. More details about virus, host cell, and RNAi could be found in several review articles [60][61][62].…”

Section: Environmental Rnai In a Broader Sensementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental RNA interference in animals

Meng

Chen

et al. 2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Animals interact with their environments all the time, and must react to all kinds of factors present in the environments. Environmental RNA interference refers to the phenomenon that exogenous RNA molecules can enter cells of certain animal species and interfere with gene expression of these animals. These exogenous RNAs may be molecules in animal food, or may be present in the living environment from other sources. Molecular pathways for the cell entry of environmental RNAs and further for their functionality in gene interference have started to be revealed in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we highlight some known examples of environmental RNA interference (RNAi) in animals and introduce the molecular mechanisms underneath.environmental RNAi, noncoding RNA, Caenorhabditis elegans, systemic RNAi

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Living with the enemy: viral persistent infections from a friendly viewpoint

Cited by 54 publications

References 47 publications

Challenges associated with research on RNA viruses of insects

Challenges associated with research on RNA viruses of insects

Guest list or black list: heritable small RNAs as immunogenic memories

Environmental RNA interference in animals

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