llex paraguariensis decreases oxidative stress in bone and mitigates the damage in rats during perimenopause

Abstract

During perimenopause, oxidative stress increases, which may result in disruption of bone turnover, and consequently in osteoporosis. The use of antioxidants may be an effective nutritional approach to reducing osteoporosis in this period of life. Mate tea (MT) (Ilex paraguariensis), a typical and inexpensive beverage consumed in the Brazilian south-east, Argentina and Uruguay, increases antioxidant defense. Our hypothesis was that MT would decrease oxidative stress and mitigate bone deterioration. To test this, we analyzed oxidative stress markers of bone turnover, and local and systemic markers of bone metabolism of rats during natural perimenopause. Female Wistar rats (aged 16months) in proven perimenopause period received 20mg/kgBW/day of mate tea, by gavage (PM+MT Group, n=10) or water (PM Group, n=10). Female rats aged 4months (AD Group, n=10) received water. The treatment period was four weeks. MT minimized the deterioration of rat microarchitecture, characterized by increase in the bone trabecular area, number of osteocytes and areal bone mineral density. These results were accompanied by a lower level of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, in femoral tissue homogenate. Plasmatic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a typical osteoclastic function marker, decreases after treatment, indicating a decrease in osteoclastic function. MT also modified the immunostaining pattern of bone metabolism markers, decreasing the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligant (RANKL), superoxide dismutase isoform 2 (SOD2) and increasing osteoprotegerin (OPG), a decoy receptor for the RANKL, which positively modulates bone mass. These results suggested MT was capable of decreasing bone resorption by inhibiting the osteoclastogenesis in a RANKL-dependent signaling pathway activated by oxidative stress. Taken together, the results indicated that MT minimized bone loss in perimenopause and this effect is at least partly due to the decrease in oxidative stress, confirming our hypothesis.

Protective effect of hyperoside against hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and oxidative stress in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

“…Oxidative stress mainly through increase in osteocytes number and apoptosis, and thus leading to form the OP [13]. Several studies have been identified that oxidative stress was the risk factor for OP in human beings [14].…”

Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves bone formation in the alveolar socket healing after tooth extraction in rats

“…MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase 300 mL (1½ cup) of soluble MT per day by humans, prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Our group demonstrated that the daily intake of this dose for 4 weeks is sufficient to increase the TAC in plasma and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in different tissues, thus providing protection against damage from oxidative stress in perimenopause rats [24,26]. This dose was shown to be safe since there were no changes in food intake, water consumption and body weight, which ensures that changes in oxidative stress markers did not result from changes in calorie intake or body mass reduction promoted by MT treatment [24,26].…”

“…shortly after the ingestion of MT [55]. These chlorogenic acids have been shown to be responsible for the antioxidant activity and some pharmacological properties of MT [24,26,55,56].…”

“…MT is prepared by infusion of Ilex paraguariensis [20]. It is rich in phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid and its isomers (mostly phenolic acid); gallic, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids; rutin; epicatechin; gallocatechin; and various saponins [20][21][22][23][24], which are considered the major bioactive compounds responsible for MT effects on bone health [25][26][27]. In Brazil, MT is popularly consumed for its antioxidant effects [28].…”

“…Additionally, Conforti et al [27] showed that there was an association between prolonged consumption of MT, at least 1 l of MT daily during 4 or more years, and higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Recently, our group showed that MT minimized bone loss in the femur neck of perimenopause rats and this effect was at least partly due to reduction of MDA and modulation of MnSOD [26], an isoenzyme that has been shown to be important for bone tissues to maintain the differentiation and function of osteoclasts [35] and osteoblasts [36,37]. However, no studies have investigated the effects of MT on alveolar bone healing.…”