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Polcaro, Am; Palmas, Simonetta; Renoldi, F.; Mascia, Michele

doi:10.1023/a:1003411906212

Cited by 323 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Lead dioxide, is characterized by high oxygen overpotential. Therefore, it is one of the most commonly used anodes for the electrochemical degradation of many pollutants [11,12] particularly when it is doped with metallic cations whose oxides have low oxygen evolution overpotential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Degradation of Diquat Pesticide in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Method

Ghalwa¹,

Shawish²,

Hamada³

et al. 2012

AJAC

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The C/PbO 2 electrode assisted electrochemical removal of diquat dibromide herbicides solutions has been the subject of the present investigation under several operating conditions. The optimum conditions of the treatment process are: current density of 150 mA/cm 2 , pH 2.2, NaCl concentration 2 g/L, temperature of 10˚C and initial diquat concentration of 50 mg/L. The time of electrolysis is 60 min for degradation rate of diquat and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal is 210 min. The results were obtained by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the present designed electrode was coincident.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Degradation of Diquat Pesticide in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Method

Ghalwa¹,

Shawish²,

Hamada³

et al. 2012

AJAC

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“…11,22,40,41 This feature can be an advantage for chlorophenols degradation, despite the inevitable chlorophenols formation during the electrolysis in the presence of chloride ions since they are also destroyed under longer electrolysis times. 22,24,28,30,42,43 This behavior is evidenced in Figure 8, which presents the chlorophenols concentration drop with both NaCl concentration ( Figure 8A) and time ( Figure 8B). Starting with an initial concentration of 100 mg L -1 phenol in 0.34 mol L -1 NaCl solution, almost all phenol (98.6%) was converted to chlorophenols after 5 min ( Figure 8B).…”

Section: Flow-by Cell Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

Section: M(ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organic compounds present in solution were extracted with dichloromethane at pH 2 (adjusted with H 2 SO 4 ) and analyzed with the GC/MS according to USEPA 8270D method. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) determination was carried out using oxidation with potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid and heating for 2 h at 150 °C according to Hanna method using a spectrophotometer model HI 83099.The current efficiencies for phenol and chlorophenol oxidations were based on the COD measurements, according to equation 1: 1,2,11,28 (1) where, (COD) t and (COD) t+Dt are the COD (mg O 2 L -1 ) at time t and t + Dt (s), respectively. I is the current (A), F the Faraday constant (96487 C mol -1 ), V the solution volume (L) and 8 is the gram equivalent of oxygen.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Santos¹,

Afonso²,

Dutra³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Foram investigadas as influências do tempo de eletrólise, da área anódica, da densidade de corrente e do tipo de eletrólito na degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos de oxidação em anodo de Ti/RuO 2 . Foi observado que na presença de cloreto ocorreu rápida degradação de fenol e de seus subprodutos. Resultados de cromatografia gasosa/espectroscopia de massa (GC/MS) mostraram que a presença de cloreto levou à formação inicial de clorofenóis através do Cl 2 e/ou OCl¯ gerados durante a eletrólise. Entretanto, eles posteriormente atuaram na degradação dos clorofenóis. As concentrações limites estabelecidas pelo Órgão Ambiental Brasileiro (CONAMA) para descartes de fenol e clorofenóis foram obtidas após 360 min de eletrólise a uma densidade de corrente fixa de 10 mA cm -2 . Voltamogramas cíclicos obtidos antes e após 436 h de eletrólise em condições severas de salinidade (2 mol L -1 ) e densidade de corrente (800 mA cm -2 ) mostraram que o eletrodo de Ti/RuO 2 não perdeu suas propriedades eletrocatalíticas.The influences of electrolysis time, anodic area, current density and supporting electrolyte on phenol and its byproducts degradation on a Ti/RuO 2 anode were investigated. It was observed that phenol and its byproducts were rapidly broken down in the presence of chloride ions. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data have shown that the presence of chloride ions lead to chlorophenols formation, due to reactions with Cl 2 and/or OCl¯ generated during electrolysis. However, these intermediate products were also degraded later by the oxidizing agents. The standards established by the CONAMA (Brazilian National Council for the Environment) for phenols and chlorophenols in effluents were achieved after 360 min of electrolysis with a current density of 10 mA cm -2 . Cyclic voltammograms obtained with the anodes before and after 436 h of electrolysis under severe salinity conditions (2 mol L -1 ) and current density (800 mA cm -2 ) showed that Ti/RuO 2 did not lose its electrocatalytic properties. This fact indicates that Ti/RuO 2 can be used for the treatment of effluents containing phenols in a chloride environment. Keywords: electrooxidation, phenols, chlorophenols, supporting electrolyte IntroductionPhenols are persistent organic compounds found in aqueous effluents from domestic activities such as cooking, washing and bathing, as well as petroleum refineries, steel plants, dyeing manufacturing, pharmaceutical and plastic industries. [1][2][3][4] They are refractory to conventional treatment process and, in the presence of chlorine, they may produce chlorophenols, which are carcinogenic and even more refractory to degradation than the phenols themselves. [4][5][6] There are several available processes to treat effluents containing phenols, such as biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, oxidation in supercritical water and electrochemical oxidation. 6-8 Furthermore, some of those processes, for instance photocatalytic oxidation process, presents high operational costs and operational issues due...

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“…Electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater with a high chloride concentration employing Ti/RuO 2 , Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes was investigated by Polacro et al [13]. Electrochemical methods for wastewater treatment mainly involve the direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Study of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue with Pt Electrode

Hassan¹,

Jamal²

2012

Port. Electrochim. Acta

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Kinetic study of the indirect oxidation of methylene blue on Pt electrode in presence of several strong electrolytes is undertaken. Different operating conditions that affected the treatment process were studied in order to find the best conditions. The order with respect to methylene blue is zero order in presence of chloride, but it is second order in presence of bromide. The oxidation rate was affected by current density, halide concentration (KCl, KBr), nature of supporting electrolyte and initial pH. However, the initial dye concentration and temperature did not show a significant effect. The oxidation of methylene blue in presence of iodide, fluoride and sulfate is absent, but it is important in presence of chloride and bromide. The product of the indirect oxidation is the chloronated (bromonated) methylene violet bernthsen.

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Cited by 323 publications

References 14 publications

Studies on Degradation of Diquat Pesticide in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Method

Studies on Degradation of Diquat Pesticide in Aqueous Solutions Using Electrochemical Method

Electrooxidation of Phenol on a Ti/RuO2 anode: effect of some electrolysis parameters

Kinetic Study of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue with Pt Electrode

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