Loads Providing Ancillary Services: Review of International Experience

Abstract

The authors take full responsibility for the interpretation of data received from respondents and any errors that may have resulted. v Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

Optimizing commercial building participation in energy and ancillary service markets

“…Aside from the benefits achieved through load shifting and price response, buildings with significant thermal mass may also be wellsuited to provide ancillary services since zone thermal inertia can buffer intermittent or varied HVAC operation [1]. Residential air conditioners have been evaluated for providing spinning reserve services [14], and a pilot study successfully bid commercial building demand response into day-ahead non-spinning reserve markets [15].…”

“…Long-term planning secures the availability of adequate generation capacity to meet changing consumer needs, while short-term scheduling and dispatch activities ensure realtime stability through continuously balancing electricity supply and demand. In addition to the scheduling of generation capacity, various ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, spinning reserves, voltage control, and black start, are required to maintain power system reliability [1]. Frequency regulation ancillary service is responsible for correcting small deviations between supply and demand that occur on minute or sub-minute time scales, while spinning and non-spinning reserve services provide a safeguard against generator failures and contingency events.…”

Analysis of optimal spinning reserve procurement with demand response resources under social cost minimization

“…In this type, the DR gets paid for being ready to act. Loads that are well suited to provide this kind of service include large industrial batch processes, refrigerated warehouses, electric water heaters, dual‐fuel boilers and buildings with sufficient thermal mass to retain ambient temperatures for brief periods without air conditioning [26]. In the current power system, large‐scale customers who have relay equipment, communication equipment (for receiving the curtailment signal or command) and monitoring facilities (to make their actual response verifiable), are good candidates for reserve procurement programs.…”

“…In the current power system, large‐scale customers who have relay equipment, communication equipment (for receiving the curtailment signal or command) and monitoring facilities (to make their actual response verifiable), are good candidates for reserve procurement programs. However, with the progress of the AMI (advanced metering instrument), small loads can also attend in these activities through a certified aggregator or DR servicing company [26–29]. There are some pilot projects using the DLC and air conditioner control in small loads for reserve procurement [24,27].…”

“…The ability to be monitored and having a fast response to curtailment requests or signals are the most common requirements. The technical requirements for these loads are given in Table I [26,27]. All loads that satisfy these requirements can attend the suitable market.…”