Local and systemic gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to infection with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Skugor, Stanko; Glover, Kevin A.; Nilsen, Frank; Krasnov, Aleksei

doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-498

Cited by 165 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…In salmonids, several studies have focused on the identification of molecular biomarkers in response to bacterial (Rise et al, 2004;Ewart et al, 2005;Baerwald et al, 2008), viral (Jorgensen et al, 2008;MacKenzie et al, 2008), fungal (Roberge et al, 2007) or parasitic infections (Morrison et al, 2006;Skugor et al, 2008;Wynne et al, 2008aWynne et al, , 2008b. The immune response of channel and blue catfish to bacterial (Peatman et al, 2007(Peatman et al, , 2008 and that of Japanese flounder to bacterial (Matsuyama et al, 2007a), 4 viral (Byon et al, 2005(Byon et al, , 2006, and parasitic (Matsuyama et al, 2007b) infections have also been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei

Davey¹,

Calduch-Giner²,

Houeix³

et al. 2011

Molecular Immunology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei

Davey¹,

Calduch-Giner²,

Houeix³

et al. 2011

Molecular Immunology

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“…Considering the potential for immunosuppression of Atlantic salmon by lice-derived PGE 2 and other compounds (Fast et al 2004, it is interesting that the immunostimulation induced a response more characteristic of a successful rejection, as immunostimulation can negate immune suppression (for review see Vadstein 1997). Up-regulation of il-1β promotes a T helper 17 response that is important in defense against salmon lice (Skugor et al 2008), bacteria, and fungi, but is also implicated in auto-immunity (Waite and Skokos 2012), highlighting the importance of dose specificity in levels of effector induction. The response of the LD salmon more reflects the response of pink salmon, suggesting a shift towards a more appropriate defense mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host–parasite transcriptomics during immunostimulant-enhanced rejection of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Sutherland

Covello

Friend

et al. 2017

FACETS

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Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are important ectoparasites of wild and farmed salmonids and cause major losses to the salmon farming industry throughout the Northern Hemisphere. With the emergence of resistance to several commonly used parasiticides, novel control strategies and integration of multiple treatment options are needed, including host immunostimulation. Here, we investigate the effects of a functional feed containing a peptidoglycan and nucleotide formulation on L. salmonis infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by characterizing lice infection levels, the expression of several host immune genes, and the parasite transcriptomic response to the immunostimulated host. Although initial infection intensities were low, the low dose (LD) immunostimulant diet reduced the total lice burden by 50% relative to controls. Immunostimulant fed hosts upregulated interleukin-1β in the skin and spleen. This gene has been implicated in successful responses of several salmonid species to salmon lice but is typically not observed in Atlantic salmon, suggesting a favorable influence on the immune response. Lice infecting LD immunostimulated salmon overexpressed genes putatively involved in parasite immunity, including carboxylesterases, and underexpressed genes putatively involved in feeding (e.g., proteases). These lice response genes further improve the characterization of the transcriptome of the non-model parasite by identifying genes potentially involved in evading host immunity.

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“…Immune-relevant genes such as TNF-alpha1, TNF-alpha2, iNOS, and COX-2 were increased in the skin of rainbow trout fry infected with the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus [128]. Immunoglobulins present in spleen and head kidney of Atlantic salmon infected with the louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis were up-regulated, as well immune-responsive genes such as IL-1 receptor type 1, CD4, IL-12b, and CD8a in the skin [129].…”

Section: Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Defining the role of omics in assessing ecosystem health: Perspectives from the Canadian environmental monitoring program

Bahamonde

Feswick

Isaacs

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Scientific reviews and studies continue to describe omics technologies as the next generation of tools for environmental monitoring, while cautioning that there are limitations and obstacles to overcome. However, omics has not yet transitioned into national environmental monitoring programs designed to assess ecosystem health. Using the example of the Canadian Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program, the authors describe the steps that would be required for omics technologies to be included in such an established program. These steps include baseline collection of omics endpoints across different species and sites to generate a range of what is biologically normal within a particular ecosystem. Natural individual variability in the omes is not adequately characterized and is often not measured in the field, but is a key component to an environmental monitoring program, to determine the critical effect size or action threshold for management. Omics endpoints must develop a level of standardization, consistency, and rigor that will allow interpretation of the relevance of changes across broader scales. To date, population-level consequences of routinely measured endpoints such as reduced gonad size or intersex in fish is not entirely clear, and the significance of genome-wide molecular, proteome, or metabolic changes on organism or population health is further removed from the levels of ecological change traditionally managed. The present review is not intended to dismiss the idea that omics will play a future role in large-scale environmental monitoring studies, but rather outlines the necessary actions for its inclusion in regulatory monitoring programs focused on assessing ecosystem health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:20-35. # 2015 SETAC

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Local and systemic gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to infection with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Cited by 165 publications

References 111 publications

Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei

Molecular profiling of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) response to chronic exposure to the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei

Host–parasite transcriptomics during immunostimulant-enhanced rejection of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Defining the role of omics in assessing ecosystem health: Perspectives from the Canadian environmental monitoring program

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