Local Reflex in Microcirculation in Human Cutaneous Tissue

Henriksen, O.; Sejrsen, P.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb00240.x

Cited by 103 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The venoarteriolar response results in vasoconstriction on increases in venous pressure and vasodilation on reductions in venous pressure. This response has been identified in skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle (3,8,10,11,13,23). The venoarteriolar response is generally preserved in individuals with a neuronal lesion proximal to the site of measurement (23), but it is absent during application of local anesthesia at the site of blood flow measurement (3,7,10,23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This response has been identified in skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle (3,8,10,11,13,23). The venoarteriolar response is generally preserved in individuals with a neuronal lesion proximal to the site of measurement (23), but it is absent during application of local anesthesia at the site of blood flow measurement (3,7,10,23). Importantly, this response is independent of perfusion pressure because similar vasoconstrictor responses are observed during limb suspension, when venous pressure is elevated but perfusion pressure is unaffected, relative to venous occlusion in which venous pressure is elevated and perfusion pressure is reduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant. This response also requires an intact local neural network (3,7,10,13,23), which is in contrast to traditional myogenic vascular autoregulation. Thus findings pertaining to the cutaneous venoarteriolar response shed little insight regarding whether cutaneous tissue is capable of modulating vascular tone specifically due to changes in perfusion pressure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations. J Appl Physiol 97: 535-539, 2004. First published April 16, 2004 10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2003.-Previous investigations of autoregulatory mechanisms in the control of skin blood flow suffer from the possibility of interfering effects of the autonomic nervous system. To address this question, in 11 subjects cutaneous vascular responses were measured during acute changes in perfusion pressure (using Valsalva maneuver; VM) before and after ganglionic blockade via systemic trimethaphan infusion. Cutaneous vascular conductance at baseline (CVC base) and during the last 5 s of the VM (CVC VM) were measured from forearm (nonglabrous) and palm (glabrous) skin. During the VM without ganglionic blockade, compared with CVCbase, CVCVM decreased significantly at the palm [0.79 Ϯ 0.17 to 0.55 Ϯ 0.17 arbitrary units (AU)/mmHg; P ϭ 0.002] but was unchanged at the forearm (0.13 Ϯ 0.02 to 0.16 Ϯ 0.02 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.50). After ganglionic blockade, VM induced pronounced decreases in perfusion pressure, which resulted in significant increases in CVC VM at both forearm (0.19 Ϯ 0.03 to 0.31 Ϯ 0.07 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.008) and palm (1.84 Ϯ 0.29 to 2.76 Ϯ 0.63 AU/mmHg; P ϭ 0.003) sites. These results suggest that, devoid of autonomic control, both glabrous and nonglabrous skin are capable of exhibiting vasomotor autoregulation during pronounced reductions in perfusion pressure. autoregulation; skin blood flow; Valsalva maneuver CUTANEOUS TISSUE HAS RELATIVELY low metabolic requirements, and control of skin blood flow is primary influenced by thermal factors (e.g., local and internal temperatures). Skin blood flow can also be modulated by nonneurally mediated events, one of which may be vascular cutaneous autoregulation. Vascular autoregulation serves to maintain blood flow and nutrient supply when perfusion pressure is altered. In addition, autoregulatory responses attenuate large changes in capillary pressure that otherwise would occur during changes in perfusion pressure (15).Cutaneous blood flow during normothermic conditions is in excess of that required to provide for its metabolic demand. Given this, the requirement to autoregulate blood flow through this vascular bed during relatively small changes in perfusion pressure would be less critical relative to other vascular beds. Such a response is likely advantageous given that precise autoregulation of cutaneous vasculature would oppose thermally induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and vasodilation, which are necessary to maintain temperature homeostasis (21).The venoarteriolar response is an example of a vascular autoregulatory mechanism that has been identified and widely investigated in human skin (3,7,9,13,23). However, the stimulus for this response is a change in venous pressure regardless of whether perfusion pressure changes or remains constant. This response also requires an intact local neural network (3,7,10,13,23), which is in contrast to traditional myogenic vascular autor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Durand

Zhang²,

Cui

et al. 2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…This response is probably mediated by myogenic autoregulation at the precapillary level [29,30], How ever evidence suggests that vasoconstriction in response to increased hydrostatic pressure is mediated by a local sympathetic axon reflex, which leads to vasoconstriction of the arterioles [31,32]. Local nerve blockade [33], in contrast to blockade at some distance [34] or sympathectomy [35], diminishes the postural vasoconstrictor response. However, the concomitant reduction in flow in both feet when only one foot is lowered below heart level, suggests that a central mechanism is involved too [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of ulnar nerve blockade on skin microvascular blood flow*

Netten

Wollersheim

Gielen

et al. 1995

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Abstract. Microvascular research is seriously ham pered by the great temporal and spatial variability of the measured skin blood flow and variation in sympa thetic vasomotor reflexes within and between persons. Therefore skin vasomotor reflexes were studied before and after ulnar nerve blockade within the same person, resulting in a temporal complete denervation of the fifth finger and partial denervation of the fourth finger. Skin temperature and laser Doppler flux (LDF) were registrated to measure predominantly arteriove nous shuntflow. Measurements were performed on the palmar tip of the second and fifth finger in nine healthy volunteers, at baseline, and during a sympa thetic reflex test (i.e. inspiratory gasp) and postural response test. Beat-to-beat digital blood pressure was recorded from the third and fourth finger by a Finapres device. Baseline capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) was measured at the nailfold of the second and the fifth finger. After ulnar blockade baseline skin temperature, LD F and CBV increased significantly, with respectively (mean ± SE) 3*2±0*9°C, 20*9 ±5*9 relative perfusion units and 0*79 ±0*40 m m " 1 s. The percentage LDF decrease of the fifth finger during inspiratory gasp was 48*2 ±5*3% before and 3*1 ±0-9% after blockade. The postural response test showed a decrease in LDF of the fifth finger with no significant difference before and after block ade, respectively 12*3 ±14*7% and 8*0±2*7%, while no difference was found in the increase in digital blood pressure in the denervated fourth finger compared to both the same finger before blockade and to the third non-blocked finger. It is concluded that ulnar nerve blockade enables the study of sympathetic skin vasomotor reflexes by comparison of a denervated and a non-denervated vascular bed within the same person. After ulnar blockade arteriovenous shunt flow as well as nutritional capillary blood flow increased significantly. Postural vasoconstrictor response is not abolished by ulnar blockade, suggesting that local regulatory mechanisms are more important.

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“…This response to an increase in venous pressure has been demonstrated in human cutaneous tissue [8,28,29]. It has been shown to be due to a local sympathetic reflex mechanism, the venoarteriolar reflex [3,30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Body Heating Decreases Skin Vascular Response to Low Orthostatic Stress in the Lower Extremities

2006

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Abstract:To elucidate the influence of heat stress on cutaneous vascular response in the lower extremities during orthostatic stress, a head-up tilt (HUT) test at angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° for 4 min each was conducted under normothermic control conditions followed by whole-body heat stress produced by a hot water-perfused suit in healthy volunteers. Skin blood flows (SkBF) in the forearm, thigh, and calf were monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry throughout the experiment. Furthermore, to elucidate the effects of increased core and local skin temperatures on the local vascular response in calf skin under increasing orthostatic stress, the thigh was occluded at 20, 30, 50, 70, and 80 mmHg with a cuff in both the normothermic condition and the whole-body or local heating condition. Significant decreases in forearm SkBF during HUT were observed at an angle of 60°d uring normothermia and at 30° or more during heating. SkBF in the thigh and calf was decreased significantly by HUT at 15° and above during normothermia, and there was no significant reduction of SkBF in these sites during HUT at the lower angles (15°-45°) during whole-body heating. Significant decreases of calf SkBF were observed at cuff pressures of 20 mmHg and above during normothermia and of 30 mmHg and above during wholebody and local heating, respectively. These results suggest that SkBF in the lower extremities shows a marked reduction compared with the upper extremities during low orthostatic stress in normothermia, and the enhanced skin vasoconstrictor response in the lower extremities is diminished by both whole-body and local heat stress.

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Local Reflex in Microcirculation in Human Cutaneous Tissue

Cited by 103 publications

References 12 publications

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

Evidence of a myogenic response in vasomotor control of forearm and palm cutaneous microcirculations

The influence of ulnar nerve blockade on skin microvascular blood flow*

Whole-Body Heating Decreases Skin Vascular Response to Low Orthostatic Stress in the Lower Extremities

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