Localization of Ice Nucleation Activity and theiceCGene Product inPseudomonas syringaeandEscherichia coli

Lindow, S. E.

doi:10.1094/mpmi-2-262

Cited by 113 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…For particles in the size range where intact bacteria are to be expected (> 600 nm), we found that less than 50 % of the particles were ice nucleation active despite the low temperatures (down to −38 • C), indicating that maybe only half of the bacteria were able to nucleate ice, i.e., were carrying an INA protein complex. This finding supports data available in the literature suggesting that the majority of P. syringae cells have none, one or only little more than one ice forming site on their surface (e.g., Orser et al, 1985;Wolber et al, 1986;Lindow et al, 1989;Attard et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Unfortunately in many studies (Orser et al, 1985;Wolber et al, 1986;Lindow et al, 1989;Attard et al, 2012), the concentrations of bacterial cells in the examined droplets are not reported, and therefore the cumulative ice nuclei concentrations given in these studies cannot be converted to ice fractions (f ice ), and hence they cannot be included in our comparison.…”

Section: Application Of the Nucleation Rate To Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immersion freezing of ice nucleation active protein complexes

et al. 2013

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Utilising the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS), the immersion freezing behaviour of droplet ensembles containing monodisperse particles, generated from a Snomax™ solution/suspension, was investigated. Thereto ice fractions were measured in the temperature range between −5 °C to −38 °C. Snomax™ is an industrial product applied for artificial snow production and contains Pseudomonas syringae} bacteria which have long been used as model organism for atmospheric relevant ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria. The ice nucleation activity of such bacteria is controlled by INA protein complexes in their outer membrane.

In our experiments, ice fractions increased steeply in the temperature range from about −6 °C to about −10 °C and then levelled off at ice fractions smaller than one. The plateau implies that not all examined droplets contained an INA protein complex. Assuming the INA protein complexes to be Poisson distributed over the investigated droplet populations, we developed the CHESS model (stoCHastic modEl of similar and poiSSon distributed ice nuclei) which allows for the calculation of ice fractions as function of temperature and time for a given nucleation rate. Matching calculated and measured ice fractions, we determined and parameterised the nucleation rate of INA protein complexes exhibiting class III ice nucleation behaviour. Utilising the CHESS model, together with the determined nucleation rate, we compared predictions from the model to experimental data from the literature and found good agreement.

We found that (a) the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate expression quantifying the ice nucleation behaviour of the INA protein complex is capable of describing the ice nucleation behaviour observed in various experiments for both, Snomax™ and P. syringae bacteria, (b) the ice nucleation rate, and its temperature dependence, seem to be very similar regardless of whether the INA protein complexes inducing ice nucleation are attached to the outer membrane of intact bacteria or membrane fragments, (c) the temperature range in which heterogeneous droplet freezing occurs, and the fraction of droplets being able to freeze, both depend on the actual number of INA protein complexes present in the droplet ensemble, and (d) possible artifacts suspected to occur in connection with the drop freezing method, i.e., the method frequently used by biologist for quantifying ice nucleation behaviour, are of minor importance, at least for substances such as P. syringae, which induce freezing at comparably high temperatures. The last statement implies that for single ice nucleation entities such as INA protein complexes, it is the number of entities present in the droplet population, and the entities' nucleation rate, which control the freezing behaviour of the droplet population. Quantities such as ice active surface site density are not suitable in this context.

The results obtained in this study allow a different perspective on the quantification of the immersi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Application Of the Nucleation Rate To Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Immersion freezing of ice nucleation active protein complexes

et al. 2013

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“…9, green line). As indicated by Murray et al (2012), this upper limit for intact bacteria is likely an overestimate since the most efficient bacteria tested by Lindow et al (1989) were used in this calculation. Depending on growth conditions and the strains examined, the efficiency of these bacteria to nucleate ice span Hoose et al (2010b) at 600 hPa, vertical bars represent the range of zonal annual mean particle number concentrations (Hoose et al, 2010b;Murray et al, 2012).…”

Section: O'sullivan Et Al: Ice Nucleation By Fertile Soil Dustsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nucleation by fertile soil dusts: relative importance of mineral and biogenic components

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Agricultural dust emissions have been estimated to contribute around 20 % to the global dust burden. In contrast to dusts from arid source regions, the ice-nucleating abilities of which have been relatively well studied, soil dusts from fertile sources often contain a substantial fraction of organic matter. Using an experimental methodology which is sensitive to a wide range of ice nucleation efficiencies, we have characterised the immersion mode ice-nucleating activities of dusts (d < 11 µm) extracted from fertile soils collected at four locations around England. By controlling droplet sizes, which ranged in volume from 10 −12 to 10 −6 L (concentration = 0.02 to 0.1 wt % dust), we have been able to determine the ice nucleation behaviour of soil dust particles at temperatures ranging from 267 K (−6 • C) down to the homogeneous limit of freezing at about 237 K (−36 • C). At temperatures above 258 K (−15 • C) we find that the ice-nucleating activity of soil dusts is diminished by heat treatment or digestion with hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that a major fraction of the ice nuclei stems from biogenic components in the soil. However, below 258 K, we find that the ice active site densities tend towards those expected from the mineral components in the soils, suggesting that the inorganic fraction of soil dusts, in particular the K-feldspar fraction, becomes increasingly important in the initiation of the ice phase at lower temperatures. We conclude that dusts from agricultural activities could contribute significantly to atmospheric IN concentrations, if such dusts exhibit similar activities to those observed in the current laboratory study.

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“…The most well-characterized biological IN species is the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae). This bacterium is an efficient IN species that is associated with onsets for ice formation as high as −2 • C Lindow et al, 1989;Maki et al, 1974;Morris et al, 2004;Vali et al, 1976). The ice nucleating ability of pollen, relatively large bioaerosol particles with a diameter range of 10-100 µm , has been addressed in several studies (Diehl et al, 2001(Diehl et al, , 2002von Blohn et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ice nucleation ability of one of the most abundant types of fungal spores found in the atmosphere

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Recent atmospheric measurements show that biological particles are a potentially important class of ice nuclei. Types of biological particles that may be good ice nuclei include bacteria, pollen and fungal spores. We studied the ice nucleation properties of water droplets containing fungal spores from the genus Cladosporium, one of the most abundant types of spores found in the atmosphere. For water droplets containing a Cladosporium spore surface area of ∼217 µm 2 (equivalent to ∼5 spores with average diameters of 3.2 µm ), 1% of the droplets froze by −28.5 • C and 10% froze by -30

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Localization of Ice Nucleation Activity and theiceCGene Product inPseudomonas syringaeandEscherichia coli

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

Immersion freezing of ice nucleation active protein complexes

Immersion freezing of ice nucleation active protein complexes

Ice nucleation by fertile soil dusts: relative importance of mineral and biogenic components

The ice nucleation ability of one of the most abundant types of fungal spores found in the atmosphere

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