Genetic studies suggest that dopamine D 4 receptor polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We recently reported that motor hyperactivity in juvenile male rats with neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the central dopamine system canAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric condition characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, typically in school-aged boys (Barkley 1990). Abnormal dopamine (DA) neurotransmission has long been considered to underlie the disorder since most symptoms of ADHD can be alleviated by psychostimulant drugs, notably methylphenidate and amphetamines, that release DA among other actions. Increased radioligand binding to dopamine transporters (DAT) in patients with ADHD identified in recent brain imaging studies further implicates deficient DA functioning in the disorder (Dougherty et al. 1999;Dresel et al. 2000).DA modulates physiological processes through activation of five G-protein NO . 5 ADHD by genetic linkage studies (La Hoste et al. 1996). Human D 4 receptors occur in multiple forms with 2-11 copies of a 16-amino acid sequence in the putative third intracellular loop of the peptide (Van Tol et al. 1992;Lichter et al. 1993;Asghari et al. 1994). One such allele is the D 4.7 receptor, containing seven repeats of this sequence. It has repeatedly been associated with ADHD, as well as related behavioral traits such as novelty-seeking and impulsivity (Benjamin et al. 1996;Ebstein et al. 1996;La Hoste et al. 1996;Bailey et al. 1997;Rowe et al. 1998;Swanson et al. 1998;Faraone et al. 1999;Barr et al. 2000).Some features of ADHD are simulated in several laboratory models, including: (1) rats with neonatal lesions of the central DA system induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; Shaywitz et al. 1976); (2) the spontaneously hypertensive Kyoto-Wistar rat (Tucker and Johnson 1981); (3) nonhuman primates treated with the DA neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; Roeltgen and Schneider 1991); and (4) genetic knock-out mice lacking functional DAT (Giros et al. 1996). Juvenile male rats with neonatal 6-OHDA lesions are a particularly appropriate model for the hyperactivity of ADHD in that lesion-induced motor hyperactivity is most prominent at an age corresponding to human periadolescence (Shaywitz et al. 1976;Erinoff et al. 1979), and is dose-dependently antagonized by stimulants used to treat clinical ADHD (Heffner and Seiden 1982). In addition, the model is associated with learning deficits that are also antagonized by stimulants (Takasuna and Iwasaki 1996;Wool et al. 1987).We found recently that motor hyperactivity following 6-OHDA lesioning of neonatal rats can be reversed dose-dependently by selective antagonists for D 4 but not D 2 receptors, and exacerbated by a D 4 agonist (Zhang et al. 2001b). In addition, motor hyperactivity correlated closely with the magnitude of increased D 4 , but not D 2 receptor binding in basal forebrain. The present study further inv...