Locating wind farms by seismic interferometry and migration

Friedrich, Tobias; Zieger, Toni; Forbriger, Thomas; Ritter, Joachim

doi:10.1007/s10950-018-9779-0

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The impact of WTs on seismic recordings were the subject of publications in the last few years . Thereby, the authors found significant indications for WTs as a seismic noise source, regarding their interaction with the subsurface and the propagation behavior of emitted seismic wavefields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Simultaneous identification of wind turbine vibrations by using seismic data, elastic modeling and laser Doppler vibrometry

et al. 2020

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This work compares continuous seismic ground motion recordings over several months on top of the foundation and in the near field of a wind turbine (WT) at Pfinztal, Germany, with numerical tower vibration simulations and simultaneous optical measurements. We are able to distinguish between the excitation of eigenfrequencies of the tower‐nacelle system and the influence of the blade rotation on seismic data by analyzing different wind and turbine conditions. We can allocate most of the major spectral peaks to either different bending modes of the tower, flapwise, and edgewise bending modes of the blades or multiples of the blade‐passing frequency after comparing seismic recordings with tower simulation models. These simulations of dynamic properties of the tower are based on linear modal analysis performed with finite beam elements. To validate our interpretations of the comparison of seismic recordings and simulations, we use optical measurements of a laser Doppler vibrometer at the tower of the turbine at a height of about 20 m. The calculated power spectrum of the tower vibrations confirms our interpretation of the seismic peaks regarding the tower bending modes. This work gives a new understanding of the source mechanisms of WT‐induced ground motions and their influence on seismic data by using an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, our results may be used for structural health purposes as well as the development of structural damping methods, which can also reduce ground motion emissions from WTs. Furthermore, it demonstrates how numerical simulations of wind turbines can be validated by using seismic recordings and laser Doppler vibrometry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Simultaneous identification of wind turbine vibrations by using seismic data, elastic modeling and laser Doppler vibrometry

et al. 2020

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“…They found a decay of the WT-induced seismic signals pro-portional to 1/r b , with frequency-dependent b-values ranging from 0.78 to 1.59 for unconsolidated sediments in the Upper Rhine Graben. Friedrich et al (2018) used the identified frequency peaks around Landau described before and located the origin of these peaks at the location of the wind farms using a wavefield migration approach. They could distinguish between different types of WTs depending on the analysed frequency range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind turbine induced seismic signals: the large‐scale SMARTIE1 experiment and a concept to define protection radii for recording stations

Lerbs

Zieger

Ritter

et al. 2020

Near Surface Geophysics

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Wind turbines produce mechanical energy that can propagate to the ground and disturb sensitive measurements such as seismic recordings. The aim of the large‐scale experiment Seismic Monitoring And Research of wind Turbine Induced Emissions (SMARTIE1) at a single wind turbine in Pfinztal (SW Germany) is to understand how wind turbines emit seismic signals under different operating conditions and how these seismic signals propagate through the local subsurface. The main objectives of SMARTIE1 are the investigation of wind turbine induced seismic signals, the characteristics of their propagation behaviour, as well as the radiation pattern of a single wind turbine as defined using particle motions. Moreover, we quantify the emission of the wind turbine induced seismic signals with respect to the wind speed. The combination of the wind turbine's emission into the subsurface and the attenuation behaviour of the seismic signals (ground motion velocity) can be used to estimate protection radii around seismic stations to ensure the recording of seismic signals without noticeable influences of the wind turbines. In this study, we detect several discrete wind turbine induced frequency peaks ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. We identify a radiation pattern of the wind turbine, which could give further insights into the interaction between the movement of the wind turbine's nacelle and the generation of the wind turbine induced seismic signals. Using profile measurements with a maximum distance of almost 3 km each, we fit a power‐law decay for power spectral density proportional to 1/rb. The attenuation factor, b, ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 for lower frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz, and increases to b = 2.3 for the higher frequency peak around 5.25 Hz. Finally, we present an example of estimation of a protection radius around the seismic station of the Collm Observatorium that is part of the German Regional Seismic Network. The example protection radius around Collm Observatorium regarding this single wind turbine is reached at a minimum distance of 3.7 km.

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“…The height of nearby WTs is affecting the frequency content of the noise wavefield in that ground vibrations generated by taller turbine towers are emitting lower frequencies, while smaller towers radiate higher frequencies (Neuffer and Kremers, 2017;Stammler and Ceranna, 2016). The frequency range of the WT-induced seismic noise that affects seismic stations and monitoring tasks lies in a range of 1-10 Hz (Hu et al, 2020;Zieger and Ritter, 2018;Friedrich et al, 2018;Marcillo and Carmichael, 2018;Stammler and Ceranna, 2016;Neuffer and Kremers, 2017;Neuffer et al, 2019;Zieger and Ritter, 2018), correct for distances above 1 km or so. At smaller distances higher frequencies will be observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures

Abreu¹,

Peter

Thomas³

2022

Wind Energ. Sci.

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Abstract. Reducing wind turbine noise recorded at seismological stations promises to lower the conflict between renewable energy producers and seismologists. Seismic noise generated by the movement of wind turbines has been shown to travel large distances, affecting seismological stations used for seismic monitoring and/or the detection of seismic events. In this study, we use advanced 3D numerical techniques to study the possibility of using structural changes in the ground on the wave path between the wind turbine and the seismic station in order to reduce or mitigate the noise generated by the wind turbine. Testing a range of structural changes around the foundation of the wind turbine, such as open and filled cavities, we show that we are able to considerably reduce the seismic noise recorded by placing empty circular trenches approx. 10 m away from the wind turbines. We show the expected effects of filling the trenches with water. In addition, we study how relatively simple topographic elevations influence the propagation of the seismic energy generated by wind turbines and find that topography does help to reduce wind-turbine-induced seismic noise.

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Locating wind farms by seismic interferometry and migration

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Simultaneous identification of wind turbine vibrations by using seismic data, elastic modeling and laser Doppler vibrometry

Simultaneous identification of wind turbine vibrations by using seismic data, elastic modeling and laser Doppler vibrometry

Wind turbine induced seismic signals: the large‐scale SMARTIE1 experiment and a concept to define protection radii for recording stations

Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures

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