Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament

Butler, David L.; Guan, Yuning; Kay, Marguerite M. B.; Cummings, J. F.; Feder, Seth M.; Levy, Martin S.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(92)90091-e

Cited by 203 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…[17][18][19][20] Classical mechanical testing techniques combined with optical tracking of stain lines, pins, and fiducial markers have provided a thorough understanding of the mechanical response of the femur-ACL-tibia complex and ACL midsubstance. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] When Butler et al 31 evaluated the strain distribution within the ACL by performing failure tests of human ACL subbundles, a spatial variation in strain was measured along the length of the ACL, with the greatest strain found at the insertion sites. The type, magnitude, and distribution of strain at the ACL-bone junction have not been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastographic imaging of strain distribution in the anterior cruciate ligament and at the ligament–bone insertions

Spalazzi

Gallina

Fung-Kee-Fung

et al. 2006

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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ABSTRACT:The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) functions as a mechanical stabilizer in the tibiofemoral joint, and is the most commonly injured knee ligament. To improve the clinical outcome of tendon grafts used for ACL reconstructions, our long-term goal is to promote graft-bone integration via the regeneration of the native ligament-bone interface. An understanding of strain distribution at this interface is crucial for functional scaffold design and clinical evaluation. Experimental determination, however, has been difficult due to the small length scale of the insertion sites. This study utilizes ultrasound elastography to characterize the response of the ACL and ACL-bone interface under tension. Specifically, bovine tibiofemoral joints were mounted on a material testing system and loaded in tension while radiofrequency (RF) data were acquired at 5 MHz. Axial strain elastograms between RF frames and a reference frame were generated using crosscorrelation and recorrelation techniques. Elastographic analyses revealed that when the joint was loaded in tension, complex strains with both compressive and tensile components occurred at the tibial insertion, with higher strains found at the insertion sites. In addition, the displacement was greatest at the ACL proper and decreased in value gradually from ligament to bone, likely a reflection of the matrix organization at the ligament-bone interface. Our results indicate that elastography is a novel method that can be readily used to characterize the mechanical properties of the ACL and its insertions into bone. ß

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastographic imaging of strain distribution in the anterior cruciate ligament and at the ligament–bone insertions

Spalazzi

Gallina

Fung-Kee-Fung

et al. 2006

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…It has been suggested that poor or altered neuromuscular control during these movements may produce potentially hazardous knee joint loading combinations that place the 1 ACL at risk [3,5,8,11,12]. It is known that anterior tibial force, valgus torque and internal rotation torque all contribute to the loading of the ACL [13][14][15]. However, the means by which these loads may manifest during an injury causing event, and more importantly, the impact that neuromuscular control has on these loading variables, remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of a 3-D Model to Predict Knee Joint Loading During Dynamic Movement

McLean

Bogert

2003

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

213

180

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“…These studies generally consist of traction tests performed at one strain rate [4][5][6][7]. From these traction tests, the stress-strain curve can be obtained, and the mechanical characterization of the ligaments is often achieved by determination of the linear tangent modulus [8]. This quantity allows the comparison of traction tests between studies and specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain rate effect on the mechanical behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament–bone complex

Pioletti

Rakotomanana

Leyvraz

1999

Medical Engineering & Physics

115

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Traction tests were performed on the bovine anterior cruciate ligament-bone complex at seven strain rates (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40%/s). Corresponding stress-strain curves showed that, for a given strain level, the stress increased with the augmentation of the strain rate. This phenomenon was important since the stress increased by a factor of three between the tests performed at the lowest and highest strain rates. The influence of the strain rate was quantified with a new variable called the "supplemental stress". This variable represented the percentage of total stress due to the effect of strain rate. It was observed that at a strain rate of 40%/s, more than 70% of the stress in the ligament was due to the strain rate effect. In fact, the strain rate strongly affected the toe region, but did not influence the linear part of the stress-strain curves. The use of the linear tangent moduli was then not adequate to describe the strain rate effect in the anterior cruciate ligament-bone complex. This study showed that the "supplemental stress" was a synthetic and convenient variable to quantify the effect of the strain rate on the entire stress-strain curves. This quantification is especially important when comparing the mechanical behavior between anterior cruciate ligament and tissues used as ligament graft.

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Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament

Cited by 203 publications

References 16 publications

Elastographic imaging of strain distribution in the anterior cruciate ligament and at the ligament–bone insertions

Elastographic imaging of strain distribution in the anterior cruciate ligament and at the ligament–bone insertions

Development and Validation of a 3-D Model to Predict Knee Joint Loading During Dynamic Movement

Strain rate effect on the mechanical behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament–bone complex

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