“…These methods usually inject a perturbation into the system and monitor the output power variations, active frequency drifts, and phase of the voltage at a point of common coupling (PCC) in islanding mode [27]. The dominant active techniques includes active frequency drift (AFD) [28], second harmonic drift [29], frequency jump [30], locking frequency band [31], active frequency drift with positive feedback [32], high frequency signal injection [33], and current injection [34,35]. Despite their effectiveness in islanding detection, active techniques need to continuously vary the DG output, which negatively affects power quality (PQ) and speed of detection while compromising the reliability of islanding detection at the PCC.…”