Long-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in amnesia: A case experiment.

Tulving, Endel; Hayman, C. A. Gordon; Macdonald, Carol A.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.4.595

Cited by 186 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 102 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

169

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This idea is consistent with a theory put forth by Tulving (1983) and Tulving, Hayman, and MacDonald (1991), who proposed separate memory systems for generic and episodic knowledge. These authors proposed that recognition responses based in generic knowledge should give rise to "know" responses because such responses should occur on the basis of well-learned (semantic) knowledge that produces familiarity, and that responses based in specific episodic recollection should give rise to "remember" responses.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

Hannigan¹,

Reinitz²

2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Participants viewed slides depicting ordinary routines (e.g., going grocery shopping) and later received a recognition test. In Experiment 1, there was higher recognition confidence to high-schema-relevant than to low-schema-relevant items. In Experiment 2, participants viewed slide sequences that sometimes contained a cause (e.g., woman taking orange from bottom of pile) but not an effect scene (oranges on floor), or an effect but not a cause scene. Participants mistook new cause scenes as old when they viewed the effect; false alarms to cause scenes and high-schema-relevant items increased with retention interval. Experiment 3 showed that the backward inference effect was accompanied by false explicit recollection, whereas false alarms to schema-high foils were based on familiarity. This suggests that the 2 types of inferential errors are produced by different underlying mechanisms.

show abstract

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

Hannigan¹,

Reinitz²

2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, it is important to note that K.C. has damage to the left frontal, left parietal, left retrosplenial, and left occipital cortex (Tulving et al, 1991;Rosenbaum et al, 2004), and it is therefore difficult to attribute whatever remote memory impairment he has to his hippocampal damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired remote spatial memory after hippocampal lesions despite extensive training beginning early in life

2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Damage to the hippocampus typically produces temporally graded retrograde amnesia, whereby memories acquired recently are impaired more than memories acquired remotely. This phenomenon has been demonstrated repeatedly in a variety of species and tasks, and it has figured prominently in theoretical treatments of memory and hippocampal function. A striking exception to the finding of temporally graded retrograde amnesia comes from studies with rodents using spatial tasks like the water maze. In these studies, recent and remote memory were similarly impaired following hippocampal lesions. In contrast to work with rodents, studies of patients with medial temporal lobe lesions, including complete hippocampal lesions, indicate that remote spatial memory can be intact. One difference between studies in humans and studies in rodents is that spatial memory in animal studies is acquired during a limited period of time when the animals are adults. In contrast, the spatial memory studied in humans was acquired beginning at an early age and learning continued for a considerable period of time. We initiated training in a standard water maze immediately after rats had been weaned at 21 days of age and continued training until the rats were young adults (90 days old). Large hippocampal lesions were made 100 days after the completion of training. After recovery from surgery, control rats exhibited good retention on the first retention probe trial, but rats with hippocampal lesions performed at chance. Thus, even after extended training beginning early in life, and with a prolonged training-surgery interval, hippocampal lesions impair performance in the water maze task. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed in the context of the specific performance requirements of the water maze task.

show abstract

“…) No. In particularly severe cases of the classic amnesic syndrome, patients can still retrieve semantic knowledge, but episodic memories cannot be retrieved no matter what decision task is employed (e.g., Cermak, 1984;Kitchener, Hodges, & McCarthy, 1998;Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, in press;Markowitsch et al, 1993;Milner, Corkin & Teuber, 1968;Tulving, 1989Tulving, , 1993aTulving, Hayman, & MacDonald, 1991;Vargha-Khadem et al, 1997;Wilson & Wearing, 1995;Wood, Brown, & Felton, 1989). That access to episodes can be knocked out across decision contexts, while semantic access is spared, implies that there are, indeed, separate "archives" for episodic and semantic memories.…”

Section: Implications For Studying the Architecture Of Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Klein

Cosmides

Tooby

et al. 2002

Psychological Review

397

372

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Memory evolved to supply useful, timely information to the organism's decision-making systems. Therefore, decision rules, multiple memory systems, and the search engines that link them should have coevolved to mesh in a coadapted, functionally interlocking way. This adaptationist perspective suggested the scope hypothesis: When a generalization is retrieved from semantic memory, episodic memories that are inconsistent with it should be retrieved in tandem to place boundary conditions on the scope of the generalization. Using a priming paradigm and a decision task involving person memory, the authors tested and confirmed this hypothesis. The results support the view that priming is an evolved adaptation. They further show that dissociations between memory systems are not-and should not be-absolute: Independence exists for some tasks but not others.Memory is a gift of nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired information or knowledge. . . . Owners of biological memory systems are capable of behaving more appropriately at a later time because of their experiences at an earlier time, a feat not possible for organisms without memory. (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751) If there is one proposition on which all psychologists seem to agree, it is that memory is useful. Memory allows organisms to adjust their behavior on the basis of information they acquire ontogenetically, through their experiences with the world.This connection between personal experience, memory, and behavior implies a close relationship between learning and memory: "Memory in biological systems always entails learning (the acquisition of information) and . . . learning implies retention (memory) of such information" (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751). Recognizing this, psychologists have long exploited learning paradigms to study the properties of memory (e.g., by list learning to probe free recall, cued recall, and recognition).The same connection also implies a close relationship between decision rules 1 and memory. An organism cannot behave "more appropriately"-that is, more adaptively-at a later time because of experiences at an earlier time unless it is equipped with rules that use ontogenetically acquired information to make decisions. Indeed, memory systems must have evolved their structure in response to the informational needs of the decision rules guiding behavior. This is because memory properties that have no impact on an organism's decisions will not be visible to-and hence will not be shaped by-selection. Moreover, because decision rules often differ in what information they require, different sets of decision rules may activate different retrieval processes or search engines and may access different memory systems or sets of memory systems. Without engines that can search for and retrieve the right information, supplying it to the right decision rule at the right time, an organ designed to store ontogenetically acquired information-that is, a memory system-would be a pointless appendage. Hence, adaptive behavior over tim...

show abstract

Long-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in amnesia: A case experiment.

Cited by 186 publications

References 102 publications

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

Impaired remote spatial memory after hippocampal lesions despite extensive training beginning early in life

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About