Long noncoding RNAs: emerging players in thyroid cancer pathogenesis

Abstract

Thyroid cancer continues to be the most common malignancy of endocrine glands. The incidence of thyroid cancer has risen significantly over the past 4 decades and has emerged as a major health issue. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thyroid carcinogenesis, resulting in significant diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications; yet, it has not reached a satisfactory level. Identifying novel molecular therapeutic targets and molecules for diagnosis and prognosis is expected to advance the overall management of this common malignancy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the regulation of various key cellular genes involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion mainly through modulation of gene expression. Recent studies have established that lncRNAs are deregulated in thyroid cancer. In this review, we discuss extensively the tumor-suppressive (for example, LINC00271, MEG3, NAMA, PTCSC1/2/3, etc.) and oncogenic (for example, ANRIL, FAL1, H19, PVT1, etc.) roles of various lncRNAs and their possible disease associations implicated in thyroid carcinogenesis. We briefly summarize the strategies and mechanisms of lncRNA-targeting agents. We also describe the potential role of lncRNAs as prospective novel therapeutic targets, and diagnostic and prognostic markers in thyroid cancer.

Long Non-Coding RNA ZEB1-Antisense 1 Affects Cell Migration and Invasion of Cervical Cancer by Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via the p38MAPK Signaling Pathway

“…With the widespread application of deep sequencing technology, lncRNA that was previously regarded as the "noise" in the transcription of genes, has been well recognized as an essential regulator involved in many biological processes of tumor cells, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis and so on [22,23]. To date, approximately 7,000-23,000 lncRNAs were estimated to be existing in the human genome [24].…”

Non-coding RNAs: long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in endocrine-related cancers

“…This review is not comprehensive with respect to lncRNAs in endocrine-related cancers, but summarizes representative lncRNAs that are bestcharacterized ( Table 2 and described below). Examples of recent reviews of lncRNAs include roles in: female reproductive cancers (Ong, et al 2017), BCa (Malih, et al 2015;Miano, et al 2016;Niknafs, et al 2016;Venkatesh et al 2015;Warburton and Boone 2017), prostate cancer (PCa) (Alahari, et al 2016;, and thyroid cancer (Murugan, et al 2017).…”

“…The role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer was recently reviewed (Murugan et al 2017). PTC is the most common thyroid malignancy (Siegel et al 2017).…”

“…Websites reviewed in (Fritah, et al 2014 (Rehmsmeier, et al 2004) has been used to examine miRNA/lncRNA interaction (Zhou, et al 2017a) http://bibiserv.techfak.unibielefeld.de/rnahybrid/ Increased by androgens in prostate cancer cells (Salameh, et al 2015) Suppressed by ERβ PCa-specific urine biomarker (Laxman, et al 2008 Represses onco-miR-21 (Zhang, et al 2013) inhibited miR-103 in EC cells (Guo, et al 2015) inhibited activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway in PC3 PCa cells (Xue, et al 2016a) Low expression correlated with poor prognosis in thyroid cancer tissues, co-immunoprecipitates with PI3K in HEC-1B EC cells Downregulated in breast , prostate , endometrial Sun et al 2017a), and PTC (Murugan et al 2017) tumors…”

Identification of differential expressed lncRNAs in human thyroid cancer by a genome‐wide analyses

“…In the case of thyroid cancer, a growing number of studies have illustrated the biologic function and underlying mechanism of a part of differentially expressed lncRNAs 16. For example, lncRNA MALAT1 expression is upregulated in thyroid cancer, and promotes cell proliferation and invasion through regulating the expression of IQGAP1 17.…”