Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have similar, predetermined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns

Abstract

T. (2019). Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have similar, predetermined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns. Annals Of Botany, 123(6), 993-1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcy232 is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/123/6/993/5272580 and https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy232 Document downloaded from: Original Article 1 Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have 2 similar, pre-determined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns 3 12 13 14 Background and Aims In peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees, three types of shoots 1 can be distinguished depending on the time of their appearance: sylleptic, proleptic and 2 epicormic. On proleptic shoots, an average of ten phytomers are preformed in dormant 3 buds prior to shoot growth after budbreak, whereas all phytomers are considered 4 neoformed in sylleptic and epicormic shoots. However, casual observations indicated 5 that proleptic and sylleptic shoots appear quite similar in number of phytomers and 6 structure in spite of their different origins. The goal of this research was to test the 7 hypothesis that both proleptic and sylleptic shoots exhibit similar growth characteristics 8 by analyzing their node numbers and bud fate patterns. If their growth characteristics 9 are similar, it would indicate that the structure of both types of shoots is primarily under 10 genetic rather than environmental control. 11 Methods The number of phytomers and bud fate patterns of proleptic and sylleptic 12 shoots of four peach cultivars grown in the same location (Winters, California) were 13 analyzed and characterized using hidden semi-Markov models. Field data was collected 14 during winter 2016, just prior to floral budbreak. 15 Key Results Sylleptic shoots tended to have slightly fewer phytomers than proleptic 16 shoots of the same cultivars. The bud fate patterns along proleptic and sylleptic shoots 17were remarkably similar for all the cultivars although proleptic shoots started growing 18 earlier (at least one month) in the spring than sylleptic shoots. 19Conclusions This study provides strong evidence for the semi-deterministic nature of 20 both proleptic and sylleptic shoots across four peach cultivars in terms of number of 21 phytomers and bud fate patterns along shoots. It is apparent that the overall structure of 22 shoots with similar numbers of phytomers was under a similar genetic control for both 23 shoot types. Understanding shoot structural characteristics can aid in phenotypic 24 characterization of vegetative growth of trees, as well as provide a foundation for 1 vegetative management of fruit trees in horticultural settings. 2

Simulating fruit tree growth, structure, and physiology using L‐systems

“…Thus, it can provide novel questions and avenues for research. Some examples of this are the following: patterns of fruit growth and respiration (DeJong & Goudriaan, 1989; Grossman & DeJong, 1995a, 1995b), importance of fruit photosynthesis (Pavel & DeJong, 1993a, 1993b), vegetative organ respiration and growth potentials (Grossman & DeJong, 1994b, 1995c), water stress and cropping effects on shoot (Berman & DeJong, 1997) and fruit growth (Berman & DeJong, 1996), and distinguishing the characteristics of specific shoot types (Gordon et al., 2006a, 2006b; Gordon & DeJong, 2007; Negron et al., 2013; Prats‐Llinàs et al., 2019).…”

Axillary Bud Fate Shapes Plant Architecture in Horticultural Crops

“…Since proleptic shoots are regarded as more productive [52,53], traditional culture techniques commonly include pruning sylleptic shoots. Rosaceae fruit trees were domesticated as early as during the Neolithic and therefore many training methods have been developed to maximize fruit size, sun exposure, aeration, or to ease harvesting among other factors.…”

A Comparative Study on the Branching Pattern of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Shoots of Apple cv. “Fuji”

“…Although shoot growth and branching patterns have been studied for many species, including fruit trees ( Costes and Guédon, 2002 ; Renton et al, 2006 ; Negrón et al, 2013 ; Prats-Llinàs et al, 2019 ), their relationship is still not fully understood. Many studies have shown that the development of different types of lateral buds is related to their within-shoot location ( Lauri and Terouanne, 1998 ; Guédon et al, 2001 ; Costes and Guédon, 2002 ).…”

“…To quantify branching patterns, a statistical modeling approach has been proposed for several fruit species, such as apple ( Costes and Guédon, 1997 ; Costes and Guédon, 2002 ; Renton et al, 2006 ), peach ( Fournier et al, 1998 ; Prats-Llinàs et al, 2019 ), apricot ( Costes and Guédon, 1996 ), Actinidia ( Seleznyova et al, 2002 ), and almond ( Negrón et al, 2013 ). These species have a zonation of different lateral bud fates that can be modeled with hidden semi-Markov chains ( Guédon et al, 2001 ; Guédon, 2003 ).…”