Blue elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea), a subspecies native to the western United States, is frequently planted in farm hedgerows in California for their ecological benefits and they thrive in challenging environments produced by climate change. Key properties of blue elderberry were evaluated for the first time over two growing seasons to better understand this subspecies compared to those typically used in food, beverages, and supplements. The soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH of the blue elderberry were similar to common elderberry subspecies (S. nigra ssp. nigra and S. nigra ssp. canadensis). Total monomeric anthocyanin levels were about half to a quarter of the level compared to other subspecies, whereas total phenolic content was similar to that of other elderberry subspecies. Higher levels of flavonols (i.e., rutin and isorhamnetin-rutinoside) were found in the blue elderberry compared to other subspecies. Two phenolic compounds, 5-hydroxypyrogallol hexoside and protocatechuic acid dihexoside, were tentatively identified in the blue elderberry using accurate mass QTOF-MS/MS and are unique to this subspecies. Data demonstrate that this subspecies grown in California can be used in for food and beverage applications like other elderberry subspecies.

T. (2019). Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have similar, predetermined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns. Annals Of Botany, 123(6), 993-1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcy232 is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/123/6/993/5272580 and https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy232 Document downloaded from: Original Article 1 Long proleptic and sylleptic shoots in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees have 2 similar, pre-determined, maximum numbers of nodes and bud fate patterns 3 12 13 14 Background and Aims In peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees, three types of shoots 1 can be distinguished depending on the time of their appearance: sylleptic, proleptic and 2 epicormic. On proleptic shoots, an average of ten phytomers are preformed in dormant 3 buds prior to shoot growth after budbreak, whereas all phytomers are considered 4 neoformed in sylleptic and epicormic shoots. However, casual observations indicated 5 that proleptic and sylleptic shoots appear quite similar in number of phytomers and 6 structure in spite of their different origins. The goal of this research was to test the 7 hypothesis that both proleptic and sylleptic shoots exhibit similar growth characteristics 8 by analyzing their node numbers and bud fate patterns. If their growth characteristics 9 are similar, it would indicate that the structure of both types of shoots is primarily under 10 genetic rather than environmental control. 11 Methods The number of phytomers and bud fate patterns of proleptic and sylleptic 12 shoots of four peach cultivars grown in the same location (Winters, California) were 13 analyzed and characterized using hidden semi-Markov models. Field data was collected 14 during winter 2016, just prior to floral budbreak. 15 Key Results Sylleptic shoots tended to have slightly fewer phytomers than proleptic 16 shoots of the same cultivars. The bud fate patterns along proleptic and sylleptic shoots 17were remarkably similar for all the cultivars although proleptic shoots started growing 18 earlier (at least one month) in the spring than sylleptic shoots. 19Conclusions This study provides strong evidence for the semi-deterministic nature of 20 both proleptic and sylleptic shoots across four peach cultivars in terms of number of 21 phytomers and bud fate patterns along shoots. It is apparent that the overall structure of 22 shoots with similar numbers of phytomers was under a similar genetic control for both 23 shoot types. Understanding shoot structural characteristics can aid in phenotypic 24 characterization of vegetative growth of trees, as well as provide a foundation for 1 vegetative management of fruit trees in horticultural settings. 2

Proleptic and epicormic shoots on peach (Prunus persica) have different growth characteristics that have management implications for peach production. Proleptic shoots arise from buds after a dormant period, and are made up mostly of preformed nodes and organs which exist in dormant buds and extend after bud-break. Epicormic shoots (also known as 'water sprouts') arise from preventitious meristems without the formation of a bud and are characterized by vigorous, upright growth. They are usually stimulated by heavy pruning, branch breaking, or drastic branch bending and exhibit low correlative inhibition which results in many lateral sylleptic shoots. Because lateral meristems that form sylleptic shoots have no preformed organs, sylleptic shoots are made entirely of neo-formed growth. Epicormic shoots, in contrast to the determinate nature of proleptic shoots, continue growing until environmental conditions become unfavorable, however this study indicates that sylleptic shoots on epicormic shoots appear to be limited to similar numbers of nodes as proleptic shoots even though they may grow as late as 180 days after bud-break. Both proleptic, and sylleptic shoots borne on epicormic shoots, have flower buds but it is not clear if the flower buds on both types of shoots are equally capable of setting fruit. The objective of this research was to compare flowering and fruit set on proleptic and sylleptic shoots on four different peach cultivars with different times of fruit maturity. Differences in flower bud density, flowering, initial fruit set and final fruit set were observed between shoot types and among cultivars. Flower bud density was higher on proleptic shoots than sylleptic shoots on all cultivars and there was greater flower bud drop prior to bloom on sylleptic shoots of three of the cultivars. Initial percent fruit set of buds that flowered was very high (>80%) on both shoot types of all cultivars but percent final fruit set was higher on sylleptic shoots of two of the cultivars. On average, proleptic shoots of a specific cultivar bore more fruit per shoot than sylleptic shoots of the same cultivar and the two earliest maturing cultivars tended to bear more fruit per respective shoot type than the two later maturing cultivars.