Long range transport of toxaphene insecticide in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic

Bidleman, Terry F.; Olney, C. E.

doi:10.1038/257475a0

Cited by 75 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Soon after starting the massive usage of these compounds, gas chromatographic analyses started to show pattern of toxaphene peaks in air, water sediment, and biota samples (Tabor 1966;Nicholson 1968;Nicholson et al 1968). Long-range air transport of toxaphene (like several other organochlorine pesticides) up to the Arctic marine food chains was detected to be an important ecological hazard (Bidleman and Olney 1975;Norstrom et al 1988). Toxaphene residues have even been stated to form an overall global pollution hazard perhaps larger than PCB (Zell and Ballschmiter 1980).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

Paasiv́irta

Sinkkonen

Nikiforov

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control, e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions. As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding to the target area.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

Paasiv́irta

Sinkkonen

Nikiforov

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…More rapid degradation of pesticides in surface soil layers than in subsurface soil layers is a common phenomenon (8,9,10) and is a quite plausible explanation for the observed dissipation pattern. Volatilization losses of 30 to 60% have been reported for pesticides with vapor pressures as low as 10" 7 mm Hg at 25 C (11,12) and pesticides have been detected in the atmosphere and in rainwater far from the site of application (13,14,15). Alternatively, it could be that residues in the deeper horizons were not efficiently intercepted with the soil water and ground water samples at any sampling interval (which could occur if, for example, adsorption increased substantially over time and the adsorbed residues were not extracted with the suction lysimeters).…”

Section: Mass and Percentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluating Pesticide Fate and Transport: II. Mass Balance and Tracking

Barrett

Liu

Nelson

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has relied on the small-scale prospective ground-water monitoring (SSGWM) study to evaluate the ground-water contamination potential of mobile and persistent pesticides for a number of years. Unlike in monolith lysimeter studies, mass balance of the applied pesticide cannot be determined in open field studies (such as the SSGWM study) without making assumptions about the distribution of residues in the subsurface environment. However, the recommended vadose zone pore-water and saturated zone ground-water sampling scheme in SSGWM studies may facilitate an approximation of mass balance of many pesticides with high leaching potential for an extended period. In one example, the mass of pesticide residues (including degradates) in ground water and the lower part of the vadose zone nearly two years after application represented the majority of the originally applied material. This high mass balance in a field study can be attributed to a combination of adequate sampling design and a high environmental persistence of pesticide residues. Open field studies like the SSGWM study and closed-system studies like the monolith lysimeter studies can be used together to provide a more complete picture of how leaching amounts relate to the level of ground-water contamination that may occur and how much mass of the pesticide is likely to leach under a variety of conditions. In the United States, regulations on pesticide use are designed to prevent ground-water pollution and to protect human health. The most recent legislation requiring regulation of the ground-water and surface-water impact of pesticide use is the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. This Act requires that the Agency specifically determine concentrations of pesticides that may occur in drinking water as a part of dietary exposure assessments (7); the Agency must take action to ensure that pesticide dietary exposure will not occur at toxicologically significant levels. When a pesticide is determined to be a potential ground-water (or surface water) contaminant, USEPA must set health-based limits on residues in drinking water (regulatory limits are called Maximum Contaminant Levels, or MCLs) for that pesticide (2). These standards are based on the no-effect and low-effect levels determined in toxicity tests with mammals and therefore an MCL for a given pesticide could be much higher than 0.1 μg 1 -1 , the European Community standard for all pesticides.The SSGWM study is designed to provide information on the level of ground-water U.S. government work.

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“…However, toxaphene is not found exclusively in the air over application sites, but may be transported over long distances. Bidleman and Olney (1975) reported a long-range transport of toxaphene through the atmosphere, at least 1,200 km from the application sites out to sea: during 1973-1974, toxaphene was detected in air samples collected over the western North Atlantic. The mean concentration of 56 samples was 0.63 ng/m 3 , as against 0.024 for p,p'-DDT; the ratio of these concentrations is close to the ratio of the outdoor evaporation rates of the two pesticides.…”

Section: C) Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxaphene (Camphethlor). A Special Report

1979

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Long range transport of toxaphene insecticide in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic

Cited by 75 publications

References 8 publications

Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program

Evaluating Pesticide Fate and Transport: II. Mass Balance and Tracking

Toxaphene (Camphethlor). A Special Report

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