Long Term Dietary Supplementation with Zeaxanthin Reduces Photoreceptor Death in Light-damaged Japanese Quail

Thomson, Lauren R.; Toyoda, Yoko; Delori, François C.; Garnett, Kevin M.; Wong, Zilla; Nichols, Cathleen R.; Cheng, Kimberly M.; Craft, Neal E.; Dorey, C. Kathleen

doi:10.1006/exer.2002.2050

Cited by 78 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Quail have high endogenous levels of lutein and zeaxanthin and their metabolites in ocular tissues, these levels can be augmented in response to dietary supplementation, and supplemented carotenoids can act as photoprotectants in light damage models (13,(22)(23)(24). This is in contrast to non-primate mammals, which typically have low carotenoid levels in the eye and poor ocular response to supplementation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Identification and Metabolic Transformations of Carotenoids in Ocular Tissues of the Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica

et al. 2007

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As in humans and monkeys, lutein [(3R,3′R,6′R)-βε, -carotene-3,3′-diol] and zeaxanthin [a mixture of (3R,3′R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′diol and (3R,3′S-meso)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol] are found in substantial amounts in the retina of the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. This makes the quail retina an excellent non-primate small animal model for studying the metabolic transformations of these important macular carotenoids that are thought to play an integral role in protection against light-induced oxidative damage such as that found in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we first identified the array of carotenoids present in the quail retina using C30-HPLC coupled with inline mass-spectral and photodiode-array detectors. In addition to dietary lutein (2.1%) and zeaxanthin (11.8%), we identified adonirubin (5.4%), 3′-oxolutein (3.8%), meso-zeaxanthin (3.0%), astaxanthin (28.2%), galloxanthin (12.2%), ε,ε-carotene (18.5%), and β-apo-2′-carotenol (9.5%) as major ocular carotenoids. We next used deuterium-labeled lutein and zeaxanthin as dietary supplements to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolic transformations of these two ocular pigments in serum and ocular tissues. We then detected and quantitated labeled carotenoids in ocular tissue using both HPLC-coupled mass spectrometry and non-invasive resonance Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated that dietary zeaxanthin is the precursor of 3′-oxolutein, β-apo-2′-carotenol, adonirubin, astaxanthin, galloxanthin, and ε, ε-carotene, whereas dietary lutein is the precursor for mesozeaxanthin. Studies also revealed that the pharmacokinetic patterns of uptake, carotenoid absorption, and transport from serum into ocular tissues were similar to results observed in most human clinical studies. KeywordsCarotenoid; Retina; Japanese quail; Lutein; Zeaxanthin; HPLC; APCI-MS Epidemiological and clinical studies in humans have generally demonstrated that there is an inverse relationship between nutritional consumption of antioxidants and prevalence of old age ocular disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract (1,2). The carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are notable examples because they are specifically concentrated in ocular tissues at high concentrations, and they are excellent absorbers of phototoxic blue light and reactive oxygen species (3,4). Studies using data from the Eye Disease Case Control (EDCC) Study Group have demonstrated that individuals with high blood levels of lutein and zeaxanthin and high consumption of foods rich in these same carotenoids had significantly lower risk of exudative AMD, and several follow up studies including the Age- † This work was supported by National Institute of Health Grant EY-11600 and by Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc. (New York, NY). In the human retina, dietary lutein [(3R,3′R,6′R)-β,ε-carotene-3,3′-diol] and zeaxanthin [(3R, 3′R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol] are unevenly distributed in the retina, with millimolar concentrations found at the fovea with a lutein:zeaxanthin ratio of 1:2 and a...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Identification and Metabolic Transformations of Carotenoids in Ocular Tissues of the Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica

et al. 2007

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“…A recent modeling study by Lind and Kelber (Lind and Kelber, 2009) indicates that even subtle shifts (10nm) in retinal oil droplet filtering can significantly change predicted color matches and chromatic contrast values within a given visual system. Carotenoids are also important photoprotectants and, in quail, increased retinal zeaxanthin accumulation prevents light-induced photoreceptor death (Thomson et al, 2002a;Thomson et al, 2002b). Therefore, immune system activity induced depletion of retinal carotenoids could have direct impacts on both visual health and function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In birds, retinal carotenoids are thought to have similar protective properties. For example, Thomson et al (Thomson et al, 2002a;Thomson et al, 2002b) found that dietary supplementation increased retinal carotenoid levels and protected Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) against light-induced photoreceptor death. Retinal carotenoids also influence avian color vision by selectively filtering light reaching the photoreceptors to reduce overlap in the absorbance spectra of spectrally adjacent types, resulting in enhanced color discrimination and color constancy in variable lighting environments (Goldsmith and Butler, 2003;Vorobyev et al, 1998;Vorobyev, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-system activation depletes retinal carotenoids in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Toomey

Butler

McGraw

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe costs of developing, maintaining, and activating the immune system have been cited as an important force shaping lifehistory evolution in animals. Immunological defenses require energy, nutrients and time that might otherwise be devoted to other life-history traits like sexual displays or reproduction. Carotenoid pigments in animals provide a unique opportunity to track the costs of immune activation, because they are diet-derived, modulate the immune system, and are used to develop colorful signals of quality. Carotenoids also accumulate in the retinas of birds, where they tune spectral sensitivity and provide photoprotection. If carotenoid accumulation in the retina follows the patterns of other tissues, then immune activation may deplete retinal carotenoid levels and impact visual health and function. To test this hypothesis, we challenged molting wild-caught captive house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with weekly injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) over the course of 8weeks. Immunostimulated adult males and females produced significant antibody responses and molted more slowly than uninjected control birds. After 8weeks, immune-challenged birds had significantly lower levels of specific retinal carotenoid types (galloxanthin and zeaxanthin), but there were no significant differences in the plasma, liver or feather carotenoid levels between the treatment groups. These results indicate that immune-system activation can specifically deplete retinal carotenoids, which may compromise visual health and performance and represent an additional somatic and behavioral cost of immunity. Supplementary material available online at

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“…Concentration of lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin in the RPE-choroid was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as described previously. 19 Individual samples were corrected for total protein concentration.…”

Section: High Performance Liquid Chromatography For Luteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macular Pigment Lutein Is Antiinflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization

Izumi-Nagai

Nagai

Ohgami

et al. 2007

ATVB

142

111

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Background-Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a critical pathogenesis in age-related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness in the developed countries. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of lutein supplementation on the development of the murine model of laser-induced CNV together with underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods and Results-Mice were orally pretreated with lutein daily from 3 days before laser photocoagulation untill the end of the study. The index of CNV volume was significantly suppressed by the treatment with lutein, compared with vehicle-treated animals. Lutein treatment led to significant inhibition of macrophage infiltration into CNV and of the in vivo and in vitro expression of inflammation-related molecules including vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein Ϫ1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Importantly, lutein suppressed IB-␣ degradation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-B p65 both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, the development of CNV was significantly suppressed by inhibiting NF-B p65 nuclear translocation, to the levels seen in the lutein treatment. Conclusions-Lutein treatment led to significant suppression of CNV development together with inflammatory processes including NF-B activation and subsequent upregulation of inflammatory molecules, providing molecular evidence of potential validity of lutein supplementation as a therapeutic strategy to suppress CNV. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.

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Long Term Dietary Supplementation with Zeaxanthin Reduces Photoreceptor Death in Light-damaged Japanese Quail

Cited by 78 publications

References 50 publications

Identification and Metabolic Transformations of Carotenoids in Ocular Tissues of the Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica

Identification and Metabolic Transformations of Carotenoids in Ocular Tissues of the Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica

Immune-system activation depletes retinal carotenoids in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Macular Pigment Lutein Is Antiinflammatory in Preventing Choroidal Neovascularization

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