Long-term effect of ammonium sulfate fertilizer on histophysiology of adrenal in the teleost,Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Ram, Raj Narayan; Singh, Suman Kumar

doi:10.1007/bf02021050

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The decreasing response in seabass to the ACT with increasing stress load history indicates that cortisol production capacity is impeded when the stressor persists, the interrenal tissue becomes exhausted ( 46 , 60 , 61 ). In other words, the stress intensity in severely stressed fish exceeded their coping ability ( 62 , 63 ), the stress given presented an allostatic overload ( 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allostatic Load and Stress Physiology in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

et al. 2018

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The present study aimed to compare effects of increasing chronic stress load on the stress response of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to identify neuroendocrine functions that regulate this response. Fish were left undisturbed (controls) or exposed to three levels of chronic stress for 3 weeks and then subjected to an acute stress test (ACT). Chronic stress impeded growth and decreased feed consumption in seabass, not in seabream. In seabass basal cortisol levels are high and increase with stress load; the response to a subsequent ACT decreases with increasing (earlier) load. Basal cortisol levels in seabream increase with the stress load, whereas the ACT induced a similar response in all groups. In seabass and seabream plasma α-MSH levels and brain stem serotonergic activity and turnover were similar and not affected by chronic stress. Species-specific molecular neuro-regional differences were seen. In-situ hybridization analysis of the early immediate gene cfos in the preoptic area showed ACT-activation in seabream; in seabass the expression level was not affected by ACT and seems constitutively high. In seabream, expression levels of telencephalic crf, crfbp, gr1, and mr were downregulated; the seabass hypothalamic preoptic area showed increased expression of crf and gr1, and decreased expression of mr, and this increased the gr1/mr ratio considerably. We substantiate species-specific physiological differences to stress coping between seabream and seabass at an endocrine and neuroendocrine molecular level. Seabass appear less resilient to stress, which we conclude from high basal activities of stress-related parameters and poor, or absent, responses to ACT. This comparative study reveals important aquaculture, husbandry, and welfare implications for the rearing of these species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allostatic Load and Stress Physiology in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

et al. 2018

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“…They also report an apparent reduction in the thickness of the layers of interrenal cells around veins and the number of areas of interrenal cells [44]. Ram and Singh [45] found initial hypertrophy of cells followed by degeneration in interrenal and chromaffin cells of Channa punctatus exposed to ammonium sulfate. Donaldson et al [46] reported an increased interrenal nuclear diameter in salmonids exposed to a variety of contaminants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl‐ and chlordane‐contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA

Gundersen

Miller

Mischler

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Fifty paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) collected from two sites on the Ohio River and from one site on the Cumberland River, USA, were examined to determine gonad polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and chlordane concentrations, amounts of plasma sex steroids (testosterone and estradiol), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the presence of immunoreactive cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein. Percent hatch and liver, spleen, and kidney histology were also determined. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentrations were significantly higher in Ohio River paddlefish than in Cumberland River paddlefish. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentration and gonad percent lipid were correlated in Ohio River paddlefish. Five of 10 Ohio River egg samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's action limit for chlordane (0.30 g/g). Polychlorinated biphenyl congenerspecific analysis detected predominantly the tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobiphenyls in paddlefish testes. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly lower in males collected from the upper Ohio River site than those collected from the lower part of the river. There was no measurable hepatic microsomal EROD activity in any of the 50 paddlefish collected from the three sites. Western blotting analysis confirmed that a rabbit antitrout CYP1A1 IgG antibody did not recognize a CYP1A protein in paddlefish liver microsomes. Percent hatch was not significantly different in eggs collected from the Cumberland (88-96%) and Ohio Rivers (90-95%). Histological analysis of liver, spleen, and kidney detected the presence of hepatic steatosis and hemosiderosis, splenic lymphoid cell depletion, and hyperplasia of interrenal and chromaffin tissues. Immunosuppression, hepatic metabolic disorders, and altered neuroendocrine function may be occurring in Ohio River paddlefish. Results presented here suggest that organochlorine exposure may be jeopardizing the long-term health of Ohio River paddlefish and that additional investigation of contaminant effects on immune system function and hormone levels in paddlefish is warranted.

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“…Poor water quality suppressed cortisol response of salmonids to handling and confinement (180). Exposure of the snakehead C hanna p u n ctatu s to ammonium sulfate for 6-12 mo resulted in degenerative changes in the ACTH cells and the interrenal cortisol-producing cells (199). Hontela et al (98) concluded that a life-long exposure to chemical pollutants may lead to exhaustion of the pituitary-interrenal axis as a result of prolonged hyperac tivity of the system.…”

Section: Effects O F Stressors On Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stress response in fish

Bonga

1997

Physiological Reviews

3,537

1,357

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The stress response in teleost fish shows many similarities to that of the terrestrial vertebrates. These concern the principal messengers of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis (equivalent of the brain-sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis) and the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (equivalent of the brain-pituitary-adrenal axis), as well as their functions, involving stimulation of oxygen uptake and transfer, mobilization of energy substrates, reallocation of energy away from growth and reproduction, and mainly suppressive effects on immune functions. There is also growing evidence for intensive interaction between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system in fish. Conspicuous differences, however, are present, and these are primarily related to the aquatic environment of fishes. For example, stressors increase the permeability of the surface epithelia, including the gills, to water and ions, and thus induce systemic hydromineral disturbances. High circulating catecholamine levels as well as structural damage to the gills and perhaps the skin are prime causal factors. This is associated with increased cellular turnover in these organs. In fish, cortisol combines glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions, with the latter being essential for the restoration of hydromineral homeostasis, in concert with hormones such as prolactin (in freshwater) and growth hormone (in seawater). Toxic stressors are part of the stress literature in fish more so than in mammals. This is mainly related to the fact that fish are exposed to aquatic pollutants via the extensive and delicate respiratory surface of the gills and, in seawater, also via drinking. The high bioavailability of many chemicals in water is an additional factor. Together with the variety of highly sensitive perceptive mechanisms in the integument, this may explain why so many pollutants evoke an integrated stress response in fish in addition to their toxic effects at the cell and tissue levels. Exposure to chemicals may also directly compromise the stress response by interfering with specific neuroendocrine control mechanisms. Because hydromineral disturbance is inherent to stress in fish, external factors such as water pH, mineral composition, and ionic calcium levels have a significant impact on stressor intensity. Although the species studied comprise a small and nonrepresentative sample of the almost 20,000 known teleost species, there are many indications that the stress response is variable and flexible in fish, in line with the great diversity of adaptations that enable these animals to live in a large variety of aquatic habitats.

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Long-term effect of ammonium sulfate fertilizer on histophysiology of adrenal in the teleost,Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Allostatic Load and Stress Physiology in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Allostatic Load and Stress Physiology in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl‐ and chlordane‐contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA

The stress response in fish

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