Long-term effects of pubertal anabolic–androgenic steroid exposure on reproductive and aggressive behaviors in male rats

Farrell, Sara; McGinnis, Marilyn Y.

doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.03.012

Cited by 40 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Castrated males will not mate, and agonistic behavior is severely reduced. Both are restored by exogenous androgen at physiologic concentrations [79,114], and are enhanced by androgen treatment at pharmacologic levels [58,74,184]. Furthermore, the distribution of androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) in the brain is similar among rodent species [159,160,186,187].…”

Section: A Few Provisos a Couple Of Quid Pro Quosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of evidence links AAS with the brain's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (reviewed in [35] Although androgen withdrawal has not been systematically studied in animals, there are a limited number of reports suggesting that discontinuing high-dose androgens or acutely blocking androgen action may have behavioral consequences. In most animals, testosterone stimulates aggression in males [58,74,114]. It is therefore somewhat surprising that withdrawal from AAS also increases agonistic behavior in response to physical provocation by the experimenter [83,109].…”

Section: Gabamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, it seems to fair to conclude that AAS have the potential to enhance agonistic behavior in humans, as they do in animals [58,74]. However, aggression may not necessarily be the only behavioral consequence of AAS abuse.…”

Section: • Just Say No: Aas Reinforcement and Dependence In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other investigators testing AAS in animals have used even higher equivalent doses (ca. 1600-3000 mg/wk [58,110]). It is important to point out that icv testosterone intake is substantially below the normal range for human use.…”

Section: A Few Provisos a Couple Of Quid Pro Quosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most animals, testosterone stimulates aggression in males [58,74,114]. It is therefore somewhat surprising that withdrawal from AAS also increases agonistic behavior in response to physical provocation by the experimenter [83,109].…”

Section: Gabamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Wood

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

136

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Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system. KeywordsAnabolic agents; Testosterone; self-administration; hamsters; drug dependence • Breakfast of champions: Recent history and prevalence of AAS useAnabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a hot topic. A search of the Google news archive in March 2007 reveals 47,500 news stories on "steroids" in 2006, a 400% increase since their debut in the archive in 2002. In 2006, "steroids" even surpassed trend-setters such as "Paris Hilton" (38,500 stories) or "spinach" (42,700 stories). Current media attention on AAS abuse has been driven by accusations of steroid use among professional athletes in baseball, track, and cycling. However, public recognition of AAS use in sports dates back nearly 20 years, when Ben Johnson tested positive for stanozolol at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 [77]. Eastern Block athletes had been using steroids since the 1950's, and the International Olympic Committee banned steroid use from Olympic competition in 1976. However, the ability to reliably detect androgen metabolites in urine samples was limited until the advent of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [89]. Johnson's drug test spurred the United States Congress to pass the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1991 which declared steroids as Address all reprint requests and correspondence to Ruth I. Wood, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Telephone (323) 442-1980, Fax: (323) 442-3466, e-mail: riw@usc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain....

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Section: A Few Provisos a Couple Of Quid Pro Quosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gabamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: • Just Say No: Aas Reinforcement and Dependence In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Few Provisos a Couple Of Quid Pro Quosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gabamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Wood

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

136

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Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors

Onakomaiya

Henderson

2016

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale For several decades, elite athletes and a growing number of recreational consumers have used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as performance enhancing drugs. Despite mounting evidence that illicit use of these synthetic steroids has detrimental effects on affective states, information available on sex-specific actions of these drugs is lacking. Objectives The focus of this review is to assess information to date on the importance of sex and its interaction with other environmental factors on affective behaviors, with an emphasis on data derived from non-human studies. Methods The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies in both sexes. Results Studies examining AAS use in females are limited, reflecting the lower prevalence of use in this sex. Data, however, indicate significant sex-specific differences in AAS effects on anxiety-like and aggressive behaviors, interactions with other drugs of abuse, and the interplay of AAS with other environmental factors such as diet and exercise. Conclusions Current methods for assessing AAS use have limitations that suggest biases of both under- and over-reporting, which may be amplified for females who are poorly represented in self-report studies of human subjects and are rarely used in animal studies. Data from animal literature suggest that there are significant sex-specific differences in the impact of AAS on aggression, anxiety, and concomitant use of other abused substances. These results have relevance for human females who take these drugs as performance enhancing substances and for transgender XX individuals who may illicitly self-administer AAS as they transition to a male gender identity.

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