Long-term exposure to high-concentration silver nanoparticles induced toxicity, fatality, bioaccumulation, and histological alteration in fish (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract

Background Currently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have quickly emerged and have gained the attention of scientists due to their massive applications in environmental sectors. However, these environmental applications of silver nanoparticles potentially cause serious effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In the current study, freshwater fish C. carpio were exposed to blood-mediated silver nanoparticles for toxicity, mortality, bioaccumulation, and histological alterations. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated using animal blood serum and their toxic effect was studied against common carp fish at different concentrations levels (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L). Results The findings have revealed a little influence of blood-induced silver nanoparticles on fish behavior at the highest concentration (0.09 mg/L). However, bioaccumulation of blood-mediated silver nanoparticles was reported in different organs of fish. Maximum bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles was reported in the liver, followed by the intestine, gills, and muscles. Furthermore, the findings have shown that the bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles led to histopathological alterations; including damaged structure of gill tissue and have caused necrosis. It is summarized that histopathological alteration in gill and intestine mostly occurred by the highest concentration of blood-induced silver nanoparticles (0.09 mg/L). Conclusion This study provides evidence of the silver nanoparticles influence on aquatic life; however, further systematic studies are crucial to access the effects of AgNPs on aquatic life.

Microscopic analysis of plant‐mediated silver nanoparticle toxicity in rainbow trout fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Therefore, the accumulation was primarily taking place in the intestines Figure 3 after the liver. Our results are supported by (Kakakhel, Wu, Feng, et al, 2021; Kakakhel, Wu, Sajjad, et al, 2021). Their results revealed that the intestine was the second most accumulated organ regarding AgNPs.…”

“…Intestines of any animal consist of small finger‐like projection called villi and villi increase surface area for the absorption of any materials. Hence, the intestine absorbed more AgNPs after the liver (Kakakhel, Wu, Feng, et al, 2021; Kakakhel, Wu, Sajjad, et al, 2021). In the current study, the gill was the third most bioaccumulated organ after the liver and intestine.…”

“…Silver nanomaterials are the most established nanoparticles and are widely released to both terrestrial and aquatic environments (Ma et al, 2018). Fish, being a healthy food source for humans, hence, nano‐silver could be migrated from fish to human, which might lead to silver contamination in humans (Kakakhel et al, 2021; Kakakhel et al, 2021).…”

“…Previous research has shown that these kinds of AgNPs cause toxicity at nanoscale size for instance, recently a common carp fish were exposed to blood induced AgNPs (B‐AgNPs), which caused about 6.5% mortality in the whole experiment. Moreover, the B‐AgNPs were also accumulated in the liver, intestine, gill, and muscles (Kakakhel, Wu, Feng, et al, 2021; Kakakhel, Wu, Sajjad, et al, 2021). Rainbow trout fish is widely used as a model to determine environmental toxicities and toxic effects of water ecosystems (Ale et al, 2018).…”

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using animal blood, their preventive efficiency of bacterial species, and ecotoxicity in common carp fish

“…Therefore, some scientists are now assessing biological nanotechnology in applied science (Gatenby & Townley, 2003). The applications of biological nanotechnology has received a great attention in fishries, animal husbandry, and conservation as an alternative source for antibiotics and chemical biocide (Kakakhel et al, 2021) because of certain reasons: that is, ecofriendly and low cost with less time consuming (Barberia-Roque, Gámez-Espinosa, Viera, & Bellotti, 2019). The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to be a broad-spectrum and used mainly in conservation science against different bacterial species (Li et al, 2017).…”