Long-Term Increase in Cholesterol Is Associated With Better Cognitive Function: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study

Huang

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundThe association between blood lipids and cognitive function in schizophrenia is still controversial. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the association between various lipid parameters and cognitive impairment in schizophrenic patients and potential lipid pathways.MethodsA total of 447 adult inpatients with schizophrenia were divided into cognitive normal and cognitive impairment groups based on the Mini-Mental State Examination with a cut-off of 26. The blood lipid parameters were defined as abnormal levels based on the guideline. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used to preliminarily explore the potential lipid metabolism pathway associated with cognitive impairment.ResultsThere were 368 (82.3%) patients who had cognitive impairment. Herein, apolipoprotein B was positively associated with cognitive function in overall patients and age (≥45 and <45 years) and sex subgroups. After excluding patients with hypertension and diabetes, ApoB was still significantly associated with cognitive function in all the patients. The associations between other lipid parameters, including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, and cognitive impairment were heterogeneous in age and sex subgroups. In contrast, total cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 were not significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Metabolomics analysis showed that metabolic pathway mainly involved sphingolipid metabolism. Meanwhile, sphinganine and 3-dehydrosphinganine were positively correlated with lipid parameters and decreased in patients with cognitive impairment as compared to those with normal cognition.ConclusionsThe present study suggests a positive association between lipids and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients and needs to be further verified by a prospective study.

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Association between lipid metabolism and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia

Huang

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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“…The score of mental intactness was based on the number of correct answers, ranging from 0 to 11. According to previous studies (Zhou et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2021 ), we identified global cognition as the summation of episodic memory and mental intactness scores, and high scores reflect good cognitive function.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes Treatment Is Associated With Better Cognitive Function: The Age Disparity

Zheng

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a recognised risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between active treatment for DM and cognitive function in middle-aged (< 60 years) and older adults (≥60 years), respectively.Methods: A total of 13,691 participants (58.55 ± 9.64 years, 47.40% of men) from the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. The participants were classified into three groups according to whether or not they have diabetes and to their diabetes treatment status: diabetes-free, treated-diabetes and untreated-diabetes, in which the diabetes-free group was regarded as reference specially. Cognitive function was assessed by two interview-based measurements for mental intactness and episodic memory.Results: Compared with the participants in the diabetes-free group, the older participants in the treated-diabetes group had better performance in terms of mental intactness (β = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.04–0.70). No significant association was observed in the middle-aged participants. In the subgroup analyses, the lower cognitive score was only observed in people without depression, who had never smoked and drunk, and with a normal weight (body mass index: 18.5–23.9 kg/m2).Conclusion: The cognitive function of actively treated diabetic patients was better than that of patients without diabetes, but the improvement was significant only in elderly people. Depression, smoking, drinking, and an abnormal weight may attenuate this effect.

“…Those SNPs, related to a third variable such as cholesterol, may weaken the association between PRS for BMI and cognition. This is because we have found the protective role of cholesterol on cognition in our previous study ( Liu et al, 2021 ). On the other hand, however, PRS for BMI based on 97 GWS loci has been demonstrated to be associated with cardiometabolic traits, schizophrenia, irritable bowel syndrome, and Alzheimer’s disease, and overlaps with genes and pathways implicated in neurodevelopment, all of which were associated with cognitive impairment ( Locke et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Favourable Lifestyle Protects Cognitive Function in Older Adults With High Genetic Risk of Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study

Wang

Zou³

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment remains controversial, especially in older people. This study aims to confirm the association of phenotypic and genetic obesity with cognitive impairment and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle. This prospective study included 10,798 participants (aged ≥ 50 years) with normal cognitive function from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. Participants were divided into low (lowest quintile), intermediate (quintiles 2–4), and high (highest quintile) groups according to their polygenic risk score (PRS) for BMI. The risk of cognitive impairment was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Higher PRS for BMI was associated with an increased risk, whereas phenotypic obesity was related to a decreased risk of cognitive impairment. Never smoking, moderate drinking, and active physical activity were considered favourable and associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment compared with current smoking, never drinking, and inactive, respectively. A favourable lifestyle was associated with a low risk of cognitive impairment, even in subjects with low BMI and high PRS for BMI. This study suggest that regardless of obesity status, including phenotypic and genetic, adhering to a favourable lifestyle is beneficial to cognitive function.