Long-Term Social Isolation-Induced Autophagy Inhibition and Cell Senescence Aggravate Cognitive Impairment in D(+)Galactose-Treated Male Mice

Abstract

Aging is associated with physiological and pathological changes and presents health complications, such as dementia. Isolation has also been associated with the experience of growing old. Both have been linked individually to the incidence of cognitive decline. In this present study, the effects of these two phenomena have been looked at in animal models where aging was induced with D(+)Galactose in mice who underwent long-term post-weaned social isolation (L-PWSI). Assessing cognitive function using Y-maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and passive avoidance tests (PATs) confirmed that cognition is impaired in either of the treatments but worsened when the D(+)Galactose mice were subjected to L-PWSI. Moreover, a synaptic protein, PSD95, and dendritic spines density were significantly reduced in the L-PWSI and D(+)Galactose-treated mice. Our previous study revealed that autophagy deficit is involved in cognitive impairment in the L-PWSI model. Here, we first report the inhibited cell cycle in L-PWSI, combined with the decreased autophagy, aggravates cognitive impairment in D(+)Galactose-treated mice. Beyond these, the autophagy and cell cycle mechanisms that link isolation and aging have been explored. The close association between isolation and aging in humans is very real and needs much research attention going forward for possible therapeutic interventions.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 alleviates d-galactose-induced brain aging in mice by the regulation of the gut microbiota

“…In this study, we employed the open field test, Y-maze test, and novel object recognition to evaluate the impact of L. plantarum CCFM8661 on the cognitive function of d -galactose-induced aging in mice. The experimental results revealed that aging mice exhibited cognitive impairment along with symptoms of anxiety and depression, which aligns with the results of previous studies 19,33 and also confirms the successful establishment of the aging model. Excessive d -galactose triggers oxidative stress, which is a key factor in aging.…”

Agaricus bisporus Polysaccharides Ameliorates Behavioural Deficits in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice: Mediated by Gut Microbiota

“…Open Field Test (OFT). The OFT was performed to assess the basic locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior [16,17]. Each mouse was allowed to move and explore freely in an open field box (black, L40 × W40 × H40 cm) for 10 min (Figure 2A).…”

“…A camera placed above the box was used to record its movement. Data on the total distance moved, speed, and time spent in the center zone of the field was recorded and analyzed [16,17]. consists of three black plastic arms (L30 × W7.5 × H15 cm, Figure 3E).…”