Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water

Dayaram, Anisha; Franz, Mathias; Schattschneider, Alexander; Damiani, Armando; Bischofberger, Sebastian; Osterrieder, Nikolaus; Greenwood, Alex D.

doi:10.1038/srep46559

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, it was shown that EHV‐1 can remain stable and infectious for over a week and up to 3 weeks in water under different conditions of salinity, pH, temperature and turbidity in controlled in vitro experiments (Dayaram et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Direct contact with EHV-1-infected aborted fetuses, placental tissues or fomites contaminated by respiratory secretions may serve as a source of infection although the viruses are reported to be relatively short-lived in the environment (Reed & Toribio 2004;Harless & Pusterla 2006). However, it was shown that EHV-1 can remain stable and infectious for over a week and up to 3 weeks in water under different conditions of salinity, pH, temperature and turbidity in controlled in vitro experiments (Dayaram et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Azab

Bedair

Abdelgawad

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) threaten equine health and can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Different equid herpesviruses, EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV5 are regularly detected among horse populations. In Egypt, monitoring is sporadic but EHV‐1 or EHV‐4 have been reported to circulate in the horse population. However, there is a lack of reports related to infection and health status of horses, likely due to the absence of regular diagnostic procedures. In the current study, the circulation of four infectious equid herpesviruses (EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV‐5) among different Arabian horse populations and donkeys residing the same farm was monitored. Different samples were collected and DNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative (q)‐PCR to detect the four equid herpesviruses using specific primers and probes. Antibody titres against EHV‐1 and EHV‐4 were tested using virus neutralization test and type‐specific ELISA. The results showed that EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4 and EHV‐5 are endemic and can be a continuous threat for horses in the absence of vaccination programs and frequent virus reactivation. There is an urgent need for introduction of active regular surveillance measures to investigate the presence of different equid herpesviruses, and other equine viral pathogens, in various horse populations around Egypt and to establish a standardized cataloguing of equine health status.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Azab

Bedair

Abdelgawad

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

Self Cite

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“…Livestock grazing is typically constrained to pastures close to water, thereby often reducing water and pasture accessible to wildlife 8,[11][12][13][14] . Shared use of waterpoints harbours the risk of disease transmission between livestock and wildlife 15,16 . Finally, diversion of water for irrigation results in habitat conversion and when associated with fencing tends to block access to water by wildlife altogether.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hidden treasure of the Gobi: understanding how water limits range use of khulan in the Mongolian Gobi

Payne

Buuveibaatar

Bowler

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Most large herbivores in arid landscapes need to drink which constrains their movements and makes them vulnerable to disturbance. Asiatic wild ass or khulan (Equus hemionus) were widespread and abundant throughout the arid landscapes of Central Asia and Mongolia, but have undergone dramatic population declines and range constrictions; denying khulan access to water is believed to have played a major role. Mongolia's South Gobi Region now houses the world largest remaining khulan population, but is undergoing rapid land use changes. Khulan water use is poorly understood, largely due to the difficulty of mapping waterpoints used by khulan throughout their exceptionally large ranges, prone to high variations in precipitation. We used the special movement path characteristics of GpS tagged khulan to show us where water is located. We identified 367 waterpoints, 53 of which were of population importance, characterized the seasonal and circadian use, and identified snow cover as the most important variable predicting khulan visits during the non-growing season, and vegetation greenness during the growing season. our results provide a data layer to help guide a regional khulan conservation strategy, allow predictions for other part of the global khulan range, and illustrates the overall importance of waterpoints for dryland herbivores.Wildlife adapted to drylands have developed specific strategies to minimize water loss and optimize water recycling through anatomical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations 1,2 . Although some large herbivores can extract enough water from their food 3 , most need to drink regularly, and the availability of water strongly influences their daily, seasonal, or annual movements 4-7 . In arid environments standing water from precipitation is typically absent, thus requiring large herbivores to regularly access waterpoints. Because waterpoints tend to be scarce and spatially explicit, they constitute areas where herbivores are particularly vulnerable to competition, disturbance, and predation 8-10 . Hence, understanding the factors affecting water use in space and time is a precondition for understanding movement strategies and habitat use of large herbivores in arid ecosystems.Water availability and access to water in the world's drylands is increasingly driven by human exploitation of water for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Livestock grazing is typically constrained to pastures close to water, thereby often reducing water and pasture accessible to wildlife 8,[11][12][13][14] . Shared use of waterpoints harbours the risk of disease transmission between livestock and wildlife 15,16 . Finally, diversion of water for irrigation results in habitat conversion and when associated with fencing tends to block access to water by wildlife altogether. Actual or perceived competition with wild herbivores over water and nearby pastures often results in negative attitudes, facilitating retaliation actions including illegal killings particularly under drought conditions 17 . Identifying key ...

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“…Transmission and epidemiology: Virus transmission occurs through direct contact between horses, fomites, infectious aerosols and/or indirectly by humans. A recent study demonstrating the survival of EHV-1 in water strongly suggests a potential new way of transmission [30]. EHV-1 causes frequent outbreaks of abortion and myeloencephalopathy worldwide, even in vaccinated horses (Figure 4).…”

Section: Equid Herpesvirusesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

Lecollinet

Pronost

Coulpier

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.

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Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water

Cited by 39 publications

References 32 publications

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Detection of equid herpesviruses among different Arabian horse populations in Egypt

Hidden treasure of the Gobi: understanding how water limits range use of khulan in the Mongolian Gobi

Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

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