Long-Term Study of Accommodative Esotropia

Ludwig, Irene H.; Imberman, Susan P.; Thompson, Hilary W.; Parks, Marshall M.

doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2005.09.007

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…5,[22][23][24][25][26][27] The finding of an overall 31% rate of surgery for ET and/or ET with high AC/A ratio in the current accommodative ET cohort and the finding of nil stereoacuity in 42% are also similar to findings of previous reports in the literature. 13,[28][29][30][31] The rate of surgery (performed or recommended) for horizontal deviations was used in the current study as an indicator of loss of horizontal alignment after initial surgery for infantile ET or optical correction of accommodative ET. All but 9 of the patients who developed horizontal deviations Ͼ 8 PD underwent surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereopsis and long-term stability of alignment in esotropia

Birch

Stager

Berry

et al. 2004

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereopsis and long-term stability of alignment in esotropia

Birch

Stager

Berry

et al. 2004

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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“…Treatment with bifocals to correct residual near esodeviation is a well-established and popular method for patients with nonrefractive accommodative esotropia [10,18]. In this study, about one-third of patients with nonrefractive accommodative esotropia were able to stop using bifocal lenses during follow-up without surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…As patients grow older, some can discontinue the use of bifocal lenses due to spontaneous normalization of the AC/A ratio [10], but others need to keep their bifocal lenses or undergo strabismus surgery in an attempt to eliminate the need for bifocals [11-13]. Surgical options include augmented recession, slanted recession, and recession with posterior fixation suture of the medial rectus muscles [12,14,15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analysis of AC/A Ratio in Nonrefractive Accommodative Esotropia Treated with Bifocal Glasses

Kim

Kang

Rhiu

et al. 2012

Korean J Ophthalmol

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PurposeTo report the long term results of bifocal treatment in nonrefractive accommodative esotropia and to analyze the changes of accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio.MethodsSixteen patients treated with bifocal glasses for at least 5 years were evaluated retrospectively. Angle of deviation at near and distance, refractive error, and AC/A ratio by the lens gradient method were analyzed. The changes of AC/A ratios were also compared after dividing the patients according to continuation or cessation of bifocal therapy.ResultsSix patients (38%; bifocal stop group, BSG) were able to stop using bifocal glasses at an average age of 10.8 years (range, 6.5 to 15.4 years) during their follow-up. However, the other ten patients (62%; bifocal continue group, BCG) had to continue using bifocal glasses until the final visit, which was 13.8 years on average (range, 11.3 to 18.5 years). The AC/A ratio decreased from time of bifocal prescription to the last visit in both groups, from 4.4 to 2.7 in the BSG and from 5.9 to 4.5 in the BCG. AC/A ratios were significantly higher (p = 0.03) in the BCG than that of the BSG from the beginning of bifocal treatment and this difference was persistent until the final visit (p = 0.03).ConclusionsThe AC/A ratio decreased with age in both groups but was significantly higher throughout the entire follow-up period in the BCG. AC/A ratio at bifocal prescription could be an important factor in predicting response to bifocal treatment.

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“…In addition, both patients initially had a high AC/A ratio. Because a high AC/A ratio can be a risk factor for decompensated ET,32 we suggest that a patient who has a high AC/A ratio requires more attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%