Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human infant eye

Wang, Jingyun; Candy, T. Rowan; Teel, Danielle F. W.; Jacobs, Robert J.

doi:10.1364/josaa.25.002263

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Uncompensated residual LCA, which would shift the refraction toward more hyperopic values, could have been compensated partially by the myopic shift due to the deeper retinal reflection in IR. This is consistent with a study in human infant eyes, about 2/3 the size of adult eyes, that reported that the chromatic difference of focus was not significantly higher in human infants with respect to that in adults (Wang, Candy, Teel & Jacobs, 2008). The opposing relative contributions of these two factors, longitudinal chromatic aberration and the difference in reflection layer in visible vs. IR light, may have resulted in the good agreement between retinoscopic and COAS refractions in the marmoset eye.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: Effects of age and refractive error

Coletta¹,

Marcos²,

Troilo³

2010

Vision Research

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The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is a primate model for emmetropization studies. The refractive development of the marmoset eye depends on visual experience, so knowledge of the optical quality of the eye is valuable. We report on the wavefront aberrations of the marmoset eye, measured with a clinical Hartmann-Shack aberrometer (COAS, AMO Wavefront Sciences). Aberrations were measured on both eyes of 23 marmosets whose ages ranged from 18 to 452 days. Twenty-one of the subjects were members of studies of emmetropization and accommodation, and two were untreated normal subjects. Eleven of the 21 experimental subjects had worn monocular diffusers or occluders and ten had worn binocular spectacle lenses of equal power. Monocular deprivation or lens rearing began at about 45 days of age and ended at about 108 days of age. All refractions and aberration measures were performed while the eyes were cyclopleged; most aberration measures were made while subjects were awake, but some control measurements were performed under anesthesia. Wavefront error was expressed as a seventh-order Zernike polynomial expansion, using the Optical Society of America’s naming convention. Aberrations in young marmosets decreased up to about 100 days of age, after which the higher-order RMS aberration leveled off to about 0.10 micron over a 3 mm diameter pupil. Higher-order aberrations were 1.8 times greater when the subjects were under general anesthesia than when they were awake. Young marmoset eyes were characterized by negative spherical aberration. Visually deprived eyes of the monocular deprivation animals had greater wavefront aberrations than their fellow untreated eyes, particularly for asymmetric aberrations in the odd-numbered Zernike orders. Both lens-treated and deprived eyes showed similar significant increases in Z3-3 trefoil aberration, suggesting the increase in trefoil may be related to factors that do not involve visual feedback.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: Effects of age and refractive error

Coletta¹,

Marcos²,

Troilo³

2010

Vision Research

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“…In the adult human eye, there is around 1.75 D of defocus due to LCA between 440 nm and 680 nm [ Figure ]; in the smaller, infant human eye there is approximately 1.7 times more LCA than in the adult eye because of the greater optical power of the infant eye (the ratio of LCA and optical power should be constant).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation

Rucker

2013

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Citation information: Rucker FJ. The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013, 33, 196- Abstract Purpose: At birth most, but not all eyes, are hyperopic. Over the course of the first few years of life the refraction gradually becomes close to zero through a process called emmetropisation. This process is not thought to require accommodation, though a lag of accommodation has been implicated in myopia development, suggesting that the accuracy of accommodation is an important factor. This review will cover research on accommodation and emmetropisation that relates to the ability of the eye to use colour and luminance cues to guide the responses. Recent Findings: There are three ways in which changes in luminance and colour contrast could provide cues: (1) The eye could maximize luminance contrast. Monochromatic light experiments have shown that the human eye can accommodate and animal eyes can emmetropise using changes in luminance contrast alone. However, by reducing the effectiveness of luminance cues in monochromatic and white light by introducing astigmatism, or by reducing light intensity, investigators have revealed that the eye also uses colour cues in emmetropisation. (2) The eye could compare relative cone contrast to derive the sign of defocus information from colour cues. Experiments involving simulations of the retinal image with defocus have shown that relative cone contrast can provide colour cues for defocus in accommodation and emmetropisation. In the myopic simulation the contrast of the red component of a sinusoidal grating was higher than that of the green and blue component and this caused relaxation of accommodation and reduced eye growth. In the hyperopic simulation the contrast of the blue component was higher than that of the green and red components and this caused increased accommodation and increased eye growth. (3) The eye could compare the change in luminance and colour contrast as the eye changes focus. An experiment has shown that changes in colour or luminance contrast can provide cues for defocus in emmetropisation. When the eye is exposed to colour flicker the eye grows almost twice as much, and becomes more myopic, compared to when the eye is exposed to luminance flicker. Summary: Neural responses of the luminance and colour mechanisms direct accommodation and emmetropisation mechanisms to different focal planes. Therefore, it is likely that the set point of refraction and accommodation is dependent on the sensitivity of the eye to changes in spatial and temporal, colour and luminance contrast.

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“…The major landmarks, the vascular system and optic nerve head, are easily visible with only a correction for defocus. This qualitative impression has been confirmed by careful study of the transmission properties28 and aberrations (both higher-order monochromatic29 and chromatic30) of the young eye (see also31). The data suggest that these combined aberrations are within a factor of two of those of an adult within weeks after birth, as illustrated in Figure 1, and are close to predictions based on relatively simple optical models of infant and adult eyes29, 32.…”

Section: Quantifying Visual Experience Using Retinal Image Qualitymentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Retinal images of point light sources (PSFs) simulating the combined effects of diffraction from the pupil, longitudinal chromatic aberration30 and higher order monochromatic aberrations (3 rd to 6 th order Zernike polynomials)29. The effect of longitudinal chromatic aberration was calculated every 10 nm, for wavelengths from 400 to 700nm, including the effect of V λ and assuming 555 nm is in focus on the retina.…”

Section: Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Image Quality and Postnatal Visual Experience During Infancy

Candy¹,

Wang²,

Ravikumar³

2009

Optometry and Vision Science

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Studies of animal models have demonstrated that abnormal visual experience can lead to abnormal visual development. The provision of normal optical experience for human infants and children requires an understanding of their typical retinal image quality in the natural dynamic environment. The literature related to this topic is reviewed. Keywordsinfant; accommodation; retinal image quality; visual experience; aberrations; emmetropization A large literature now suggests that abnormal visual experience leads to abnormal visual development in animal models. Visual experience can influence both the refinement of synapses in visual cortex 1, 2 and the growth of the eye [3][4][5] . The manipulations of visual experience used in these experiments cannot be implemented in studies of human development and therefore direct evidence of the impact of abnormal visual experience on otherwise typically-developing infants and young children is much harder to gather. Infants receiving abnormal experience are typically only identified if the cause is detected easily (e.g. ptosis, cataract or strabismus 6-9 ). We have only minimal evidence from humans regarding the natural history of other conditions, such as anisometropic amblyopia 10,11 , where the signs of abnormal experience are less obvious. As a result, approaches to prescribing spectacles for apparently asymptomatic infants and young children have primarily been derived from a combination of clinical consensus 12, 13 , the typical distribution of refractive errors during infancy and early childhood e.g.14 , and the refractive error found at the diagnosis of an apparent consequence (e.g. amblyopia) 15,16 . The goal of this perspective is to review our current understanding of the retinal visual experience of human infants and young children, and to pose questions that need to be answered if we are to promote normal visual development by providing 'normal' visual experience to young patients.Much public effort in research, screening and healthcare is currently aimed at detecting and treating the apparent consequences of abnormal visual experience -primarily amblyopia and some forms of strabismus [17][18][19][20] . However, studies of form-deprivation and chronic defocus in animal models suggest it may instead be possible to prevent these consequences in humans with appropriate intervention at an earlier point. In attempts to explore this possibility and provide normal visual experience there have been three large-scale human population studies of randomized spectacle correction for hyperopia in infancy, with differing outcomes. These studies have suggested that it may be possible to reduce the prevalence of amblyopia at age three or four years with preventative use of spectacles [21][22][23] , but the results with regard to the incidence of strabismus are not consistent. Ingram's group, who included infants aged 6 months with 4D of hyperopia or more in any one meridian, corrected one group with 2D less than their cycloplegic refraction and left another group untreate...

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Longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human infant eye

Cited by 17 publications

References 60 publications

Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: Effects of age and refractive error

Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: Effects of age and refractive error

The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation

Retinal Image Quality and Postnatal Visual Experience During Infancy

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