Longitudinal Followup Study of Ultrasonography in Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Risk factors for intrauterine constraint are associated with ultrasonographically detected severe fibrosis in early congenital muscular torticollis

“…These results are different from those reported in previous studies in which 3% [10] to 5.5% [11] of patients with CMT showed type 4 fibrosis. However, in previous studies, the age range of the subjects was very wide, and all patients with type 4 fibrosis were older than 2 years [10,11]. The results of the current study may be attributable to the fact that subjects were younger than 3 months.…”

“…Type 3 or 4 fibrosis of the SCM has been documented as clinically more significant than other ultrasonographic types because of a higher probability of requiring a surgical procedure [10,11,17]. In our series, none of the subjects were classified as having type 4 fibrosis.…”

“…Ultrasound findings of SCM fibrosis in CMT are classified into 4 types: type 1 (localized) and type 2 (diffuse) showed heteroechogenecity with background hypoechogenecity, indicating normal muscle portion. Type 3 or 4 showed homogeneous hyperechogenecity or fibrotic tight cord in the entire SCM muscle without background hypoechogenecity, respectively [10,11]. These classifications have been correlated with clinical outcome; with types 3 and 4 fibrosis showing a higher probability of requiring operative management.…”

Assessment of Follow-Up Sonography and Clinical Improvement among Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis

“…3 The clinical and sonographic features of CMT are strongly correlated. 6 In patients with CMT, sonography reveals fusiform enlargement and significant asymmetry of the SCM. Sonography also .57 cm).…”

“…4 Most patients experience a reduction in the size of the SCM spontaneously or after physical therapy. 5,6 However, infants grow rapidly; this growth causes the SCM to thicken physiologically, so some cases of physiologically thickened SCM can be confused with a poor response to physical therapy. To our knowledge, there have been only a few quantitative sonographic studies on the clinical outcome of rehabilitation for CMT.…”