Longitudinal polymer gradient materials based on crosslinked polymers

Claussen, Kai U.; Giesa, Reiner; Schmidt, Hans‐Werner

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.018

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Nature has developed alternatives to adhesives by integrating two dissimilar materials across defined interfacial regions. This elegantly overcomes the mismatch in properties across heterogeneous materials and minimizes failure at the interface . For example, squid beaks have a soft base that transitions to a hard tip by modulating the amount of water, chitin, and proteins .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereolithographic 3D Printing for Deterministic Control over Integration in Dual‐Material Composites

Muralidharan

Uzcategui

McLeod

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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A rapid and facile approach to predictably control integration between two materials with divergent properties is introduced. Programmed integration between photopolymerizable soft and stiff hydrogels is investigated due to their promise in applications such as tissue engineering where heterogeneous properties are often desired. The spatial control afforded by grayscale 3D printing is leveraged to define regions at the interface that permit diffusive transport of a second material in‐filled into the 3D printed part. The printing parameters (i.e., effective exposure dose) for the resin are correlated directly to mesh size to achieve controlled diffusion. Applying this information to grayscale exposures leads to a range of distances over which integration is achieved with high fidelity. A prescribed finite distance of integration between soft and stiff hydrogels leads to a 33% increase in strain to failure under tensile testing and eliminates failure at the interface. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated in a layer‐by‐layer 3D printed part fabricated by stereolithography, which is subsequently infilled with a soft hydrogel containing osteoblastic cells. In summary, this approach holds promise for applications where integration of multiple materials and living cells is needed by allowing precise control over integration and reducing mechanical failure at contrasting material interfaces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereolithographic 3D Printing for Deterministic Control over Integration in Dual‐Material Composites

Muralidharan

Uzcategui

McLeod

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…[9a,10b,11] Testing such computational models experimentally is crucial for understanding natural designs but has been so far limited by the lack of manufacturing tools to replicate complex 3D gradients in manmade materials. Recently, advancements in the manufacturing of complex soft and stretchable gradients have been demonstrated using new material formulations or processing strategies. [3b,14] However, further control over the local composition and the range of material properties achievable is needed to be able to fully cover the wide design space found in graded biological materials .…”

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confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Materials with Tunable Failure via Bioinspired Mechanical Gradients

2018

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Mechanical gradients are useful to reduce strain mismatches in heterogeneous materials and thus prevent premature failure of devices in a wide range of applications. While complex graded designs are a hallmark of biological materials, gradients in manmade materials are often limited to 1D profiles due to the lack of adequate fabrication tools. Here, a multimaterial 3D-printing platform is developed to fabricate elastomer gradients spanning three orders of magnitude in elastic modulus and used to investigate the role of various bioinspired gradient designs on the local and global mechanical behavior of synthetic materials. The digital image correlation data and finite element modeling indicate that gradients can be effectively used to manipulate the stress state and thus circumvent the weakening effect of defect-rich interfaces or program the failure behavior of heterogeneous materials. Implementing this concept in materials with bioinspired designs can potentially lead to defect-tolerant structures and to materials whose tunable failure facilitates repair of biomedical implants, stretchable electronics, or soft robotics.

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“…Layered gradients are printed layer‐by‐layer onto surfaces and are not true continuous gradients due to the segmented fabrication process . Some lateral gradients are able to obtain smooth transitions, but there are few examples due to the complex synthetic effort required to generate them. Notable examples of previously reported lateral gradients include photoinduced crosslinking of cellulose nanocrystals, ordering of carbon nanotube films, and cellulose nanofibril/polymer nanopapers .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notable examples of previously reported lateral gradients include photoinduced crosslinking of cellulose nanocrystals, ordering of carbon nanotube films, and cellulose nanofibril/polymer nanopapers . While these and other synthetic analogs are functional mechanical gradients, they often suffer from relatively small ranges in stiffness (∼1 order of magnitude), non‐continuous stepwise transitions, and require specialty equipment to fabricate. To improve upon these systems, we sought a synthetic solution that could span a greater range of mechanical properties with a true continuous gradient and facile synthesis.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Large Continuous Mechanical Gradient Formation via Metal–Ligand Interactions

Neal

Oldenhuis

Novitsky³

et al. 2017

Angewandte Chemie

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Mechanical gradients are often employed in nature to prevent biological materials from damage by creating as mooth transition from strong to weak that dissipates large forces.S ynthetic mimics of these natural structures are highly desired to improve distribution of stresses at interfaces and reduce contact deformation in manmade materials.C urrent synthetic gradient materials commonly suffer from non-continuous transitions,r elatively small gradients in mechanical properties,a nd difficult syntheses.I nspired by the polychaete worm jaw,w er eport an ovel approach to generate stiffness gradients in polymeric materials via incorporation of dynamic monodentate metal-ligand crosslinks.Through spatial control of metal ion content, we created ac ontinuous mechanical gradient that spans over a2 00-fold difference in stiffness, approaching the mechanical contrast observed in biological gradient materials.

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Longitudinal polymer gradient materials based on crosslinked polymers

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Stereolithographic 3D Printing for Deterministic Control over Integration in Dual‐Material Composites

Stereolithographic 3D Printing for Deterministic Control over Integration in Dual‐Material Composites

3D Printing of Materials with Tunable Failure via Bioinspired Mechanical Gradients

Large Continuous Mechanical Gradient Formation via Metal–Ligand Interactions

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