Looking behavior and potential human interactions during locomotion

Hessels, Roy S.; Benjamins, Jeroen S.; Doorn, Andrea J. van; Koenderink, Jan J.; Holleman, Gijs A.; Hooge, Ignace T. C.

doi:10.1167/jov.20.10.5

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…at what locations in the world did participants look? The exclusion rate was roughly 69% in the present study, while in our previous work it was only 13% (Hessels et al, 2020a). We highlighted one potential source of this lower data quality, namely the large pupil size or large pupil size changes after calibration (Holmqvist et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Hessels

Benjamins

Doorn

et al. 2022

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Eye contact is essential for human interactions. We investigated whether humans are able to avoid eye contact while navigating crowds. At a science festival, we fitted 62 participants with a wearable eye tracker and instructed them to walk a route. Half of the participants were further instructed to avoid eye contact. We report that humans can flexibly allocate their gaze while navigating crowds and avoid eye contact primarily by orienting their head and eyes towards the floor. We discuss implications for crowd navigation and gaze behavior. In addition, we address a number of issues encountered in such field studies with regard to data quality, control of the environment, and participant adherence to instructions. We stress that methodological innovation and scientific progress are strongly interrelated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Hessels

Benjamins

Doorn

et al. 2022

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…tracking system [22,23], a combination of eye-and motion-tracking systems while walking is necessary to measure when and where pedestrians look at other people. In particular, where and to what extent pedestrians look at other pedestrians to anticipate their movements has been largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contributing to this controversy may be the fact that experiments on this topic have typically been carried out in a virtual reality setup. Although the few real pedestrian experiments have been conducted using a wearable eye-tracking system [22, 23], a combination of eye- and motion-tracking systems while walking is necessary to measure when and where pedestrians look at other people. In particular, where and to what extent pedestrians look at other pedestrians to anticipate their movements has been largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous behavioral coordination between pedestrians emerges through mutual anticipation rather than mutual gaze

Murakami

Tomaru

Feliciani

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Human activities are often performed together between two or more persons, as if they are a complex dance. Threading through a crowd is a striking example of such coordinated actions. Behavioral coordination should help to reduce head-on collisions, smooth a pedestrian's pathway through a crowd, and promote a self-organization process. Although mutual anticipation between pedestrians would be a candidate for underlying mechanisms of behavioral coordination, it remains largely unexplored, especially in terms of visual information. Here, we investigated the effects of mutual anticipation between a pair of pedestrians performing simple avoidance tasks using a combination of motion- and eye-tracking systems. We found that pedestrians in a baseline condition spontaneously coordinated their walking speed and angle until passing each other. Visually distracting one of the pedestrians decreased the level of behavioral coordination, indicating that spontaneous coordination emerges through mutual anticipation. Importantly, blocking the pedestrians' gaze information alone did not alter their walking, clearly ruling out the assumption that mutual gaze impacts pedestrian anticipation behavior. Moreover, eye-movement analysis demonstrated that the direction of a pedestrian's gaze changed depending on the uncertainty of the oncoming pedestrian's motion and that pedestrians tend to look ahead toward the ultimate passing direction before they actually walked in that direction. We propose that body motion cues may be sufficient and available for implicit negotiation on potential future motions. Our findings should be useful in various fields, including research on improvisational motions, pedestrian transportation, and robotic navigation.

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“…However, we did not assume a fact of the matter (correct/incorrect), but investigated under what circumstances participants expected interaction to occur or not. The behaviors were chosen partly on our previous work on looking behavior during potential interactions ( Hessels et al.,2020 ). We chose a set that included some behaviors that may intuitively invite interaction and some that intuitively do not invite interaction at all.…”

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confidence: 99%

Perception of the Potential for Interaction in Social Scenes

et al. 2021

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In urban environments, humans often encounter other people that may engage one in interaction. How do humans perceive such invitations to interact at a glance? We briefly presented participants with pictures of actors carrying out one of 11 behaviors (e.g., waving or looking at a phone) at four camera-actor distances. Participants were asked to describe what they might do in such a situation, how they decided, and what stood out most in the photograph. In addition, participants rated how likely they deemed interaction to take place. Participants formulated clear responses about how they might act. We show convincingly that what participants would do depended on the depicted behavior, but not the camera-actor distance. The likeliness to interact ratings depended both on the depicted behavior and the camera-actor distance. We conclude that humans perceive the “gist” of photographs and that various aspects of the actor, action, and context depicted in photographs are subjectively available at a glance. Our conclusions are discussed in the context of scene perception, social robotics, and intercultural differences.

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Looking behavior and potential human interactions during locomotion

Cited by 25 publications

References 63 publications

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Spontaneous behavioral coordination between pedestrians emerges through mutual anticipation rather than mutual gaze

Perception of the Potential for Interaction in Social Scenes

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