Looking for Stepan Bandera: The Myth of Ukrainian Nationalism and the Russian ‘Special Operation’

Abstract

The so-called ‘denazification’ of Ukraine and the need to free the country from the radical nationalists was used by the Russian government as a central argument to justify the military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. However, the discussion of radical right-wing nationalist groups allegedly active in Ukraine and violently oppressing the Russian-speaking population have been maintained by the governing regime in Russia already since the so-called Euromaidan protests in 2013-2014. The word ‘banderivtsi’, disciples or sons and daughters of Stepan Bandera, the leader of the Ukrainian nationalist organisations OUN and UPA, became widely used, first, by Russian pro-governmental media who this way referred to what they presented as the nationalist population of Ukraine. Consequently, the Ukrainians started using the term themselves, in an ironic way, to re-appropriate it and re-establish the national identity reshaped by the years of informational and actual wars. The present piece discusses the centrality of the concept of Ukrainian nationalism in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. It examines how, seeking further separation from Russia, the Ukrainian government has been changing its memory politics towards a significantly modified perception and interpretation of the shared past. It argues that building parallels between attacking ‘nationalist Ukraine’ and the victory over Nazi Germany central to the glorious past of Russia within the state memory politics was used by Kremlin to justify the military action in the neighbouring country.

Constructing Nazis on Political Demand: Agenda-Setting and Framing in Russian State-Controlled TV Coverage of the Euromaidan, Annexation of Crimea and the War in Donbas

“…2 The main focus of the empirical part of the article is the construction of enemies out of Ukrainian political actors, with the main attention on constructed enemies allegedly having Nazi features. References to Nazism is a known feature of Russian state-controlled communication, and various researchers have analysed the use of the Nazi frame by the Russian regime (Gaufman 2017;Edele 2017;Shevtsova 2022). However, the central role of the Nazi frame in the attempts of the Russian regime to justify its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 creates a need for an updated conceptualisation of this frame, its origin and its transformation.…”