Lotus leaf extract inhibits ER− breast cancer cell migration and metastasis

Abstract

Background Patients with estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer have poor prognosis due to high rates of metastasis. However, there is no effective treatment and drugs for ER− breast cancer metastasis. Our purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lotus leaf alcohol extract (LAE) on the cell migration and metastasis of ER− breast cancer. Methods The anti-migratory effect of LAE were analyzed in ER− breast cancer cells including SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 cell lines. Cell viability assay, wound-healing assay, RNA-sequence analysis and immunoblotting assay were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and anti-migratory effect of LAE. To further investigate the inhibitory effect of LAE on metastasis in vivo, subcutaneous xenograft and intravenous injection nude mice models were established. Lung and liver tissues were analyzed by the hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunoblotting assay. Results We found that lotus LAE, not nuciferine, inhibited cell migration significantly in SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 breast cancer cells, and did not affect viability of breast cancer cells. The anti-migratory effect of LAE was dependent on TGF-β1 signaling, while independent of Wnt signaling and autophagy influx. Intracellular H2O2 was involved in the TGF-β1-related inhibition of cell migration. LAE inhibited significantly the breast cancer cells metastasis in mice models. RNA-sequence analysis showed that extracellular matrix signaling pathways are associated with LAE-suppressed cell migration. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that lotus leaf alcohol extract inhibits the cell migration and metastasis of ER− breast cancer, at least in part, via TGF-β1/Erk1/2 and TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling pathways, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for ER− breast cancer.

Possible Mechanism of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Seed Extract Suppresses the Migration and Invasion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells SMMC‐7721

“…Since the composition of extracts is different, the most efficient inhibited concentration of CSE on SMMC‐7721 cells was higher than other plant extracts [20,31] . Similarly, it has been reported that the highest inhibited concentrations of lotus leaf and Brassica rapa L. extracts on ER– breast cancer cells and lung adenocarcinoma cells were 250 μg/mL and 300 μg/mL, respectively [32–33] . The toxicity of extracts on normal cells was the key factor for their application, our previous research suggested that CSE had certain inhibitory effects on SMMC‐7721, Hep3b, HepG2, HeLa, and L02 for 24 h. Among them, the inhibitory effect on SMMC‐7721 and HeLa was the strongest, IC50 values were 0.43 g/L and 0.37 g/L, while the cytotoxicity to normal cells L02 was 2.87 g/L and have low toxicity [24] .…”

Nuciferine Effectively Protects Mice against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

“…Nuciferine (Nuci), an aporphine alkaloid isolated from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, has been widely used in both daily diet and traditional Chinese medicine [ 1 ]. It has been clinically used for hemorrhage and postpartum blood halo according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and also reported with the properties of anti-obesity, anti-oxidation, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-bacteria, anti-tumor, and anti-cerebral ischemia in experimental models [ 2 ].…”