Loud Calls of Adult Male Red Howling Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Ybarra, Miguel A. Schön

doi:10.1159/000156278

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, the spectral energy of the adult male calls studied by Schon Ybar ra [1] (centered at 350-400, 900-1,100, 1,800-2,200, and sometimes also around 3,000 Hz) was close to values found in this study for long calls. Blowing sounds have not been previously reported for howlers.…”

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Diurnal short calls given by red howlers in Guyana may be compared to barks given by the Venezuelan howlers [1]. They mostly oc curred during intertroop encounters, although such encounters in Guyana were occasionally silent or were accompanied by atypical long calls, without an introductory phase.…”

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, she later re ported a mean duration of 19 s for howls when taking any pause lasting for more than 2 s as an interhowl interval [28]. On the other hand, Schon Ybarra [1], who described adult male loud calls, also made a distinction be tween short and long calls, but found the latter to last up to 8 s. This would indicate that the short calls of Guyana howlers may be longer than the long calls of Venezuelan howlers.…”

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One cannot totally exclude the possi bility that the apparent difference is due to inadequate sampling, as no study has yet been specifically designed to cover the whole 24-hour circle [e.g., 19,41]. Such a possibility is, however, doubtful if we consider the sheer number of studies carried out on the same Venezuelan red howler population [1,6,14,37,42,43], Other reasons could include over crowding of sounds during the day, producing competition between potential callers. In deed, MacKinnon [44] suggested that the noc turnal emission of loud calls by orang-utans could be due to interspecific competition for sound emission among different apes (orang utans and gibbons) giving loud calls.…”

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is due partly to their acoustic complexity and partly to the fact that they are frequently given in chorus, making it difficult to identify the emitters. However, the vocal repertoire of A. palliata is better docu mented [9][10][11][12] than that of A. seniculus [1,13], In the latter, the difficulty of acoustic studies is increased by the long duration of calling bouts.…”

Section: Total Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Drubbel¹,

Gautier²

1993

IJFP

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Structural patterns and 24-hour rhythms of the loud calls of Alouatta seniculus were studied in a wild population living in primary rain forest in French Guyana. These loud calls are low-pitched noisy hoarse sounds with an upper frequency limit around 3,000 Hz. Their spectral energy is concentrated in two clusters, each of which includes two dominant frequency bands. Loud calls comprise one or several vocal units with alternating crescendos and decrescendos. Five different types of units can be distinguished. Depending on their duration, loud calls can be roughly divided into two classes: long and short calls. Long calls (mean duration 3.28 min) include three phases. After the end of the calls, one or two blowing noises of weak amplitude may be heard. Short calls (mean duration 11s) are frequently uttered in clusters of several calls given by the same troop at intervals of a few seconds to a few minutes. Observations carried out over the 24-hour cycle show that the calling rate is higher at night, with a peak around dawn and that long calls are more frequent at night, while short calls are mainly heard during the day. Most long calls are emitted from the sleeping sites and carry great distances. They probably play a role in inter-troop communication. Despite their intensity, short calls are used for short-distance communication. The occurrence of two different loud calls in Guyanan howlers and the amount of night calling in these monkeys are discussed with reference to studies of other howler populations.

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Section: Time Of Day H Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Time Of Day H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Total Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Drubbel¹,

Gautier²

1993

IJFP

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Role of loud calls in brown howlers, Alouatta fusca

Chiarello

1995

American J Primatol

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The loud calls of brown howler monkeys were studied during a year at the Santa Genebra Reserve, in southeastern Brazil. The study group emitted roars and barks on a total of 47 occasions, the majority of which (92%) were restricted to intergroup visual encounters. Loud calls were also elicited by the roars of distant groups (6%) and during intragroup agonistic interactions (2%). Intergroup visual encounters (n = 42) occurred predominantly in seldom used quadrats of the study group home range. In these instances, the loud calls were produced chiefly by the adult male alone (69% of cases), while the study group's two adult females joined the male in the remaining cases. Intergroup physical aggression, such as chase and displacement, was observed during 15 encounters (35% of cases). A dawn chorus does not occur in Santa Genebra-the loud calls were heard most frequently in mid-morning and again during mid-afternoon-and they were more abundant during the dry season, when the availability of food (new leaves) in the forest was lower. The data presented here provide some support for the hypothesis that roars of howler adult males are used in assessment of opponents, providing an alternative to energetically expensive chases and fights. However, given the relatively high rate of physical aggression observed during intergroup encounters, a result probably related to the high density of howlers and the consequent high frequency of intergroup encounters observed in this forest (O.7/day), ritualized aggression, in the form of loud calling, is apparently often insufficient to settle disputes. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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The function of loud calls in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra): Food, mate, or infant defense?

Belle

Estrada

Garber

2014

American J Primatol

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Loud calling (i.e., howling) is the single most distinctive behavioral attribute of the social system of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.), yet no general consensus exists regarding its main function. During a 28-month study of five groups of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico, we examined whether howling mainly functioned in the defense of food resources, mates, or infants vulnerable to infanticide. We recorded 602 howling bouts. Howling occurred more frequently when monkeys were feeding, particularly on fruits, and less frequently when they were resting than would be expected by chance. Furthermore, howling was concentrated in areas of the home range in which major feeding sites were located. Howling did not occur more frequently when vulnerable infants or potentially fertile females were present versus absent, nor did the howling rate increase with an increasing number of vulnerable infants or potentially fertile females in the group. Howling bouts lasted on average 14.4 ± SE 0.5 min, and call duration was not influenced by the presence of vulnerable infants or potentially fertile females. The duration of spontaneous calls, however, was positively correlated to the percentage of feeding time in the vicinity of howling locations. In addition, vocal displays lasted longer when neighboring groups and extragroup males were within visual contact compared with spontaneous calls and calls in response to nearby calls in which there was no visual contact between callers. Our findings suggest that loud calls in black howler monkeys are multifunctional, but most frequently occur in the defense of major feeding sites. These calls also may function in the defense of infants and mates during encounters with extragroup males.

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Loud Calls of Adult Male Red Howling Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana

Role of loud calls in brown howlers, Alouatta fusca

The function of loud calls in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra): Food, mate, or infant defense?

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