Low-acid leaching of lithium-ion battery active materials in Fe-catalyzed Cu-H2SO4 system

Porvali, Antti; Shukla, Sugam; Lundström, Mari

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105408

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A previous study reported that the LiB waste-leaching process consumed significant amounts of acid [46]. Lithium dissolution during the leaching process increases as the acid concentration increases [28] because the hydrogen (H + ) ions oxidise lithium easily [47].The high pKa of acetic acid (4.8 at 25 • C) [29] results in partial dissociation of the acid in water into acetate ions to donate the H + ions. The plausible reactions of metal foils (Al and Cu) and Fe during the leaching with acetic acid in Equations ( 4)- (6) shows that those metals likely consumed the available H + ions.…”

Section: Effect Of Molarity and S/l Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

Amalia,

Singh,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) by leaching using acetic acid in the presence of an organic reductant is a promising combination to overcome environmental concerns that arise from employing inorganic reagents. This study investigated the effect of using molasses as a reductant in acetic acid leaching of a mixture of cathode and anode materials (black mass) prepared using mechanical treatments from spent LiBs. The effects of temperature, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, and acid concentration on the leaching of target metals (Co, Ni, Mn, and Li), current collector metal foil elements (Al and Cu), and Fe from the battery casing, with and without reductant, were investigated to obtain the optimum leaching conditions. The effect of adding the molasses at the start of leaching and after 1 h of leaching was tested. Acid leaching without molasses extracted the target metals Li, Ni, Co, and Mn with an efficiency <35% for all leaching parameters. However, the Al and Fe extractions increased as the acid molarity increased. Molasses addition at the start of leaching increased the extraction of the target metals to >96% at temperatures >50 °C. This is likely due to oxidation of the reducing sugars in the molasses that reduced the insoluble Co(III), Ni(III), and Mn(IV) components to soluble Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) species, respectively. The kinetics of Co extraction in the presence of molasses were analysed, which has indicated that the rate-determining step in the Co leaching process is the reduction of Co(III) on the surface of particles in the black mass. Excess molasses can precipitate out target metals, especially Co, due to the presence of oxalic acid in the molasses. The reducing effect precipitated Cu(II) to Cu2O, and could further reduce Co to metal, which suggests that leaching with the optimum dosage of acetic acid and molasses may selectively precipitate copper.

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Section: Effect Of Molarity and S/l Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pH below 2.5 is required to use iron as a reductant, as it precipitates at a higher pH [27]. This low pH would require a large quantity of neutralisation chemicals to be added before purification, which typically occurs at a pH of 4-9 [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

Amalia,

Singh,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…It is also the most widely studied reagent for the leaching of metals from the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries (Table 2). High acid concentrations (2-4 M H2SO4) are often required to achieve high metal extractions and concomitantly, pregnant leach solutions obtained contain high levels of sulphate [4], [109]. In addition, due to the high acidity, a high amount of neutralising reagent is often warranted for the neutralisation of leach solution prior to the downstream recovery of metals.…”

Section: Sulfuric Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of lithium, cobalt and other metals from lithium-ion batteries

Celep,

Yazici,

Deveci

et al. 2023

Pamukkale J Eng Sci

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Wastes with high metal content are an important secondary source. Utilisation of these wastes is important offering environmental and economic advantages as well as the conservation of natural resources. Due to the widespread use of portable electrical and electronic devices (mobile phones, laptops, video cameras, etc.) and electric cars, the consumption of lithium and cobalt, which are used as main components in lithium-ion batteries/batteries (LIB), has increased. Because LIBs contain lithium (1.5-7%), cobalt (5-20%), manganese (15-20%), copper (8-10%), aluminium (5-8%), and nickel (5-10%), they are considered as an important secondary source. Industrially, mechanical pretreatment, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods as alone or in combination are used to recover metals from waste LIBs. After mechanical pretreatment and physical separation processes, hydrometallurgical methods, including solution purification, precipitation and solvent extraction methods, are used after leaching with inorganic such as H2SO4, HCI and HNO3 or organic acids. In this study, processes for recovery of metals from LIBs are discussed with a critical review of studies carried out on this. In addition, flowsheets of industrial applications for lithium/cobalt recovery in the world are presented. 'ler, lityum (%1,5-7), kobalt (%5-20), manganez (%15-20), bakır (%8-10), alüminyum (%5-8) ve nikel (%5-10) gibi metalleri içermesinden dolayı önemli bir ikincil kaynak olarak değerlendirilmektedirler. Atık LIB'lerden metallerin geri kazanımında endüstriyel olarak mekanik ön-işlem, pirometalurjik, hidrometalurjik veya bunların birleşimden oluşan yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Mekanik ön-işlem ve fiziksel ayırma işlemlerinden sonra H2SO4, HCI ve HNO3 gibi inorganik ya da organik asitlerle liç sonrası çözelti saflaştırma, çöktürme ve solvent ekstraksiyon yöntemlerini içeren hidrometalurjik yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, LIB'lerden metallerin geri kazanım prosesleri ve yapılmış farklı çalışmalar tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, Dünya'da lityum/kobalt kazanımının gerçekleştirildiği endüstriyel uygulamalardan akım şemaları sunulmuştur. Yüksek metal içeriklerine sahip olan atıklar önemli bir ikincil kaynak konumundadırlar. Bu atıkların değerlendirilmesi, çevresel ve ekonomik avantajlarının yanı sıra doğal kaynakların korunması açısından da önemlidir. Taşınabilir elektrikli ve elektronik cihazların (cep telefonları, dizüstü bilgisayarlar, video kameralar vb.) ve elektrikli otomobillerin yaygınlaşmasına bağlı olarak bunların temel bileşeni olan lityum-iyon pillerde/bataryalarda (LIB) kullanılan lityum ve kobalt tüketimleri de artmıştır. LIB

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“…In terms of the recycling processes of spent LFP and LCO batteries, the most widely used battery recycling process is the hydrometallurgical recycling process. In this process, various acids including organic and inorganic acids [8][9][10][11] are usually used as leaching agents. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidant to achieve highly selective leaching of lithium ions from the LFP battery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined recovery of valuable metals from LiFePO₄–LiCoO₂ system without adding oxidant and reductant

Ren

Zheng

et al. 2023

Can J Chem Eng

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Based on the oxidation of ferrous ions in lithium iron phosphate and reduction of trivalent cobalt ions in lithium cobaltate, an innovative combined recovery process of lithium iron phosphate and lithium cobaltate powders is proposed. The effects of leaching conditions on leaching performance are studied and the optimal leaching conditions are obtained. Under these conditions, the leaching efficiencies of lithium and cobalt ions reach up to 99.92% and 81.11%, respectively. After removing ferric ions from leachate, the cobalt and lithium ions are separately recovered from the leaching solution. The final precipitation rate of cobalt ions is up to 97.71% with the purity of cobalt oxalate as 99.94%. In addition, the precipitation rate of lithium ions is 78.54% and the purity of lithium carbonate reaches up to 99.94%. Finally, the reaction path and mechanism for the combined recovery of lithium iron phosphate–lithium cobaltate system are preliminary investigated.

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Low-acid leaching of lithium-ion battery active materials in Fe-catalyzed Cu-H2SO4 system

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

Recovery of lithium, cobalt and other metals from lithium-ion batteries

Combined recovery of valuable metals from LiFePO₄–LiCoO₂ system without adding oxidant and reductant

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Low-acid leaching of lithium-ion battery active materials in Fe-catalyzed Cu-H2SO4 system

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries

Recovery of lithium, cobalt and other metals from lithium-ion batteries

Combined recovery of valuable metals from LiFePO4–LiCoO2 system without adding oxidant and reductant

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Combined recovery of valuable metals from LiFePO₄–LiCoO₂ system without adding oxidant and reductant